MICROORGANISM

CAUSING FEVER

dr.Dedeh Kurniasih
Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FK UMP
 The morphological
characteristics of Microorganism
causing fever

Students are able to explain the kinds of
Microorganism causing Fever
Students are able to explain morphological
characteristics of Microorganism causing Fever
macroscopically
Students are able to explain morphological
characteristics of Microorganism causing Fever
microscopically
 Reference

Jawetz, Melnick& Adelbergs Medical
Microbiology, 25th Editiion by Geo. F. Brooks,
Karen C. Carroll, Janet S. Butel, and Stephen A.
Morse, McGraw-Hill,
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran, Edisi Revisi,
Pengarang Staf Pengajar FK UI, Binarupa
Aksara.
Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Microbiology
2nd edition by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C.
Champe, Bruce D. Fisher, 2007, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
Medical Microbiology by FH Kayser, K.A. Bienz,

Apa yang dimaksud dg demam?
Apa etiologi demam?
 Demam

Demam adalah peninggian suhu tubuh dari
variasi suhu normal sehari-hari yang
berhubungan dengan peningkatan titik
patokan suhu di hipotalamus (Dinarello &
Gelfand, 2005).
Suhu tubuh normal berkisar antara 36,5-
37,2C.
Derajat suhu yang dapat dikatakan demam
adalah rectal temperature 38,0C atau oral
temperature 37,5C atau axillary
temperature 37,2C (Kaneshiro & Zieve,
2010).
 Etiologi demam

Faktor infeksi dan non infeksi
Faktor Infeksi :
Bakteri
Virus
Fungi
Parasit
 MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA

Generally, the basic form and structure of bacteria can be
classified as follows :
Coccus : Single ex : Chlamydia trachomatis; Paired
(diplococcus) ex : Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Chain
(streptococcus) ex : Streptococcus spp; Group (like grapes)
(staphylococcus) ex : Staphylococcus aureus; Tetrad ex
:Micrococcus luteus; Cubic ex :Sarcina spp.
Bacillus : Single ex : Bacillus anthracis; paired (diplobasilus);
Chain (streptobasilus) ex :Lactobacillus sp; Fence (pagar); 5.
Some bacilli form endospora; 6. V,X,Y form.
1. Coco bacillus; 2. Coma
Spiral : 1. spiroketa; 2. spirilum

Koloni bakteri

Bentuk sel bakteri

Rangkaian sel bakteri

Neisseria sp

Bacillus megaterum

Struktur sel bakteri

The characteristics of bacteria to
the gram painting can be
classified as :

Bakteri Gram Positif : bakteri yg mampu
mempertahankan zat warna utama dlm
pewarnaan Gram, yaitu Gentian Violet, sehingga
berwarna ungu saat pengamatan. Dinding sel
tersusun o/ Peptidoglikan, yg mampu mengikat zat
warna.
Bakteri Gram negatif memiliki komposisi
dinding sel tersusun dari lipid, shg saat pewarnaan
kurang dpt mempertahankan zat warna utama
saat dicuci dg alcohol (lipid rusak), akibatnya
menampakan warna merah (safranin).



 Some examples of positive
and negative Gram
bacterium :

Positive Gram Bacterium:
koken : Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Pneumococcus, Peptococcus, Streptopeptococcus
Baccilli : Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium,
Basillus, Clostridia
Negative Gram Bacterium
koken : Neisseriae (N. meningitidis,N. gonorrhoe)
Baccilli : Enterobacteriaceae ( Escherichia coli,
Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Proteus,
Pseudomonas,etc)
 STAPHYLOCOCCUS

Staphylococcus is a germ in the shape of coccus,
positive Gram, diameter 0,51,5 m, composed of
single, paired, tetrad, short chain (3 or 4 cells) or
irregular shape like grapes.
This bacteria cannot move, do not form spora, positive
katalase, do not form capsule, most of them function
as facultative anaerobe. Genus Staphylococcus has
23 species. Those existed in human being are :
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hominis,
Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus haemoliticus,
Staphylococcus capitis, etc.

sometimes it lives based on their needs such
as in outer ear hole, head skin and forehead
which has a lot of sebaceous gland.
The Staphylococcus causing infection to
human is: Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus saprophyticus and
Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus
aureus often causing infection in skin is
cellulites, pustule, ulcer, impetigo and after
surgery injury. It also often causes infection in
inward patient in hospital (Nosokomial
infection).

Staphylococcus colony is used as additional
characteristics in identifying species, in which
the Staphylococcus aureus colony has 6 8
mm diameter, smooth, flat, rather convex,
glossy, has pigment from yellowish cream up
to orange. Staphylococcus epidermidis has
small colony with 2,5 6 mm diameter, no
pigment.
Staphylococcus sp

 STREPTOCOCCUS

Streptococcus belongs to Streptococcaseae family, has
Gram (+) characteristics, has coccus shape, forms a
chain with various size, sometimes it has tetrad form.
Streptococcus lives facultative in aerobe, it has some
micro aerofilik or anaerobe aerotoleran strain.
Streptococci identification is based on antigenic
characteristics of hemolytic type and physiologic
characteristics. Streptococcus equirimus is species
which often attacks human, and pathogen causing
sepsis peuperal, faringitis, selulitis, pneumonia,
osteomyelitis, bakteremia, endokarditis, brain abses
and meningitis.
Streptococcus sp


Streptococcus pneumoniae often causes otitis
media and bakteremia in babies and children.
Sample examination is taken based on the
infection place. The sample can be in form of:
rub of throat, pus, blood, urine, feces, sputum,
LCS, pleura liquid and other. Serum is used to
examine antibody.
In the blood gel of Streptococcus, it forms a
colony, round, smooth, clear, glossy, with
diameter of 0,1 1 mm.

The classification of Streptococcus based on colony
morphology and hemolisa in blood gel is categorized
into :
Streptococcus hemolitic ; (it is signed by
unclear/blurred zone surrounding the colony, it is
also often signed by the change of media color into
greenish or brownish. The zona width is 1-2 mm,
with unclear/blurred edge caused by part lysis of
eritrosit.
The examples : Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Streptococcus viridans.

Streptococcus hemolitic ; (it is signed by clear and
colorless zona surrounding the colony. The zona width
is 2-4 mm with clear edge due to the perfect lysis of
eritrosit.
The examples : Streptococcos pyogenes (the most
pathogen), Streptococcus agalactiae ( is a normal flora
in female genitalia and it becomes important causes of
sepsis and meningitis in neonatal) .
Stretococcus hemolitik ; (there is no change in
blood gel. Sometimes it is called indifferent
Streptococcus.
The examples : Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus
bovis, Streptococcus mulleri.
 ENTEROBACTERIACEAE

Enterobacteriaceae family is a group of bacilli
bacterium of negative Gram which is usually
facultative in anaerobe. The members consist
of big group organism and has various
antigenic structure as well as biochemistry
characteristics. Genera in this family is
determined based on biochemistry
characteristics, while the species are grouped
based on biochemist and ecologic
characteristics.

This bacteria live in the human and animal intestine,
both in the ground and in plants. Some have parasite
characteristics, most of them are saprophytic. Some
species are pathogenic to human, causing infection
diseases such as enteric and septicemia infection.
The members of this family are mainly motile, even
though some strain are non motile (Shigella and
Klebsiella). Motile species are possible due to flagella
peritrik, different from the members of
Pseudomonadaceae family which have flagella polar.
Some strain such as Shigella, Salmonella,
Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus
have fimbriae or pili. All species can ferment glucose.
Salmonella sp

Corynebacterium diphteriae

Corynebacterium diphteriae is the member of important
Corynebacterium genus, which causes diphtery to
human due to its ability to produce strong exotoxin.
This is bacilli bacterium, positive gram, does not form
spore, does not resist acid, has aerobe characteristics or
facultative anaerobe, positive catalase and motionless.
The specific characteristics of these bacteria are the
irregular swelling in one of the tip forming gada. In
painting using Neisser (granule painting), it has halteri-
like shape with its yellow body and blue black granule.
Granule metachromatic is deposit fosfor of
Corynebacterium diphteriae.

In blood gel media, Corynebacterium colony looks
small, has granule, grey color with irregular limit and
small hemolisis. In Tellurit gel media, the colony has
red up to black color due to Tellurit reduction. This
bacteria anomaly is specific with the forming of
pseudo membrane. If diphtheria inflammation is
started in the respiratory duct, usually there is sore
throat and fever, the body becomes weak and short-
winded due to pseudomembran. Sample examination
can be taken from the rub of nose, throat, or
suspected lesion.

Be careful and
Smart

BUT NOT AFRAID..

Matur nuwun
sugeng sinau,
mugi2 lulus blok.
Aamiin