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Minggu I Sifat-sifat gas alam

Wiwiek Jumiati
Sifat-sifat Gas Alam

Sifat sifat gas ideal


Sifat sifat gas nyata
Sifat fisik gas
Sistem gas kondensat
Termodinamika
Contoh
Jenis-jenis gas alam yang terperangkap/terakumulasi

Konvensional gas alamtersusun dari


hidrokarbon utama (metana, etana, propana
dan butana) disebut juga gas terlarut, gas
cap, gas kondensat, asosiated gas dan non
asosiated gas.
Gas di tight sandsreservoir dengan
porosity 5-15%, immobility water saturation
50-70%, permeabilitas 0.001-1 milli darcy.
Gas di tight shales
Gas metana yang terperangkap di batubara
Gas alam dari reservoir geopressured

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Termodinamika:Single-component
system
Two-component system
Two-component system
Multi-component system
Phase Diagram (Basic
Definitions) Definitions:
Cricondenbar

Cricondenbar: the pressure


liquid C above which two
Pressure

phases can no longer


exist.

Cricondentherm: the
Cricondentherm temperature above
which two phases do
gas not exist

Additional points:

Temperature
Phase Diagram (Basic Definitions)
Definitions:
Pressure

liquid C 1. Bubble-point line: the point where


the first bubble is formed
during pressure decrease at
constant temperature.

60% 2. Dew-point line: the point where the


80% first liquid drop is formed
100% 40% during pressure increase at
liquid
constant temperature.
(0% gas) 0% liquid
20%
(100%
Note: Pure-component system can be
gas)
regarded as a special case of
two-component system where
two-phase region shrinks to
gas form a line.

Critical point: the point where the


Temperature bubble-point line meets the dew-
point line
Pressure Temperature Plane
Phase Diagram (Basic
Concepts)
Single
Single phase
phase Gas
Pressure liquid
C

e in
e) l

e
sur

lin
res

re)
t (p

ssu
pre
oin

(
le-p

int
bb

-po
Bu

D ew

gas

Temperature
Basic definitions
(cont.)
Path A Path B Definitions:

Retrograde condensation:
liquid C
Pressure

phenomenon that the


dew point line is crossed
(i.e., from gas phase to
liquid) as pressure
decreases rather than
increases.

Because this is the reverse of


normal behaviour, it is
Retrograde
condensation called retro.

gas

Temperature
Reservoir Classification
Oil reservoir
In general
Tres<Tc of
reservoir fluid
Gas reservoir
In general,
Tres>Tc of
reservoir fluid
(hydrocarbon
systems)
Oil Reservoir
Under-saturated oil
reservoir
initial reservoir pressure, pi
> the bubble-point
pressure, pb of the reservoir
fluid

Saturated oil reservoir


pi = p b

Gas-cap reservoir or two


phase reservoir
pi < p b

Note
The appropriate quality
line gives the ratio of
volume of liquid (oil) to
volume of gas
Gas Reservoir
Dry gas reservoir
initial reservoir temperature
higher than cricondentherm
temperature (light components)
even at low pressure (separator)
and temperature, fluid is 100%
gas

Wet gas reservoir


initial reservoir temperature
higher than cricondentherm
temperature
But even at low pressure
(separator) and temperature,
some gas condensate to liquid

Retrograde gas-condensate
reservoir
Reservoir temperature lies
between Tc and Tcri (Tc<Tr<Tcr)

Near critical gas-condensate


Reservoir temperature is nearly
equal to critical temperature of
fluid (Tr ~Tc)
Dry-gas reservoir
Wet-gas reservoir
Retrograde-gas condensate
reservoir
Volatile-oil reservoir
Black-oil reservoir
Typical Hydrocarbon Mixture
Compositions (mol %)
Dry Wet Retrograde Volatile Black
Component
Gas Gas Gas Cond. Oil Oil
C1 96.30 88.7 72.7 66.7 52.6
C2 3.00 6.0 10.0 9.0 5.0
C3 0.40 3.0 6.0 6.0 3.5
i-C4 0.07 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.7
n-C4 0.10 0.8 1.5 2.5 1.1
i-C5 0.02 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.4
n-C5 0.02 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.4
C6 0.02 0.2 2.0 2.0 0.9
C7+ 0.00 0.2 5.0 11.0 27.9

plus inorganics: N2, CO2, H2O, H2S


Field Identification

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry


Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Initial <1750 1750 to > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Producing 3200
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock- < 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Tank Liquid Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of Stock- Dark Colored Lightly Water No
Tank Liquid Colored White Liquid

*For Engineering Purposes


Sifat-sifat gas ideal

Ideal Gas Law


P=14.7 Psia = 101.325 kPa (SPE uses 100 kPa)
T=60 0F=520 0F=288.72 0K (SPE uses 288 0K)
Pada kondisi di atas di sebut gas ideal dan setiap
kondisi gas dikondisikan mendekati suhu dan tekanan
tersebut.
Pada tekanan rendah, gas mengikuti persamaan Gas
Ideal:

PV = nRT
Dimana:
R = Universal gas constant , 10,732 psia cuft/lb-mole oR
n = number of moles of the gas = m/M
m = mass of gas; lb
M = Molecular weight of gas lbm/lb-mol
Standard conditions are generally defined as 14.7 psia and 60 oF.
1 mole of any ideal gas at standard conditions occupies a volume of 379
Cu. ft. or 22.4 litres
Gas Ideal
Persamaan gas ideal diturunkan oleh
kombinasi Charles law dan Boyles law

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Sifat-sifat gas nyata

Persamaan gas ideal umumnya hanya berlaku untuk gas yang


mendekati kondisi atmosfir.
Gas di reservoir terdiri dari berbagai macam komposisi gas dan
tekanan serta temperatur tinggi; sehingga persamaan gas ideal tidak
berlaku lagi.
Persamaan gas nyata merupakan koreksi terhadap persamaan gas
ideal

PV = z n RT.

Dimana
Sifat fisik gas
Gas alam merupakan campuran gas dimana unsur
utamanya adalah metana; terdiri dari gas hidrokarbon
dan impurities.
Impurities adalah gas yang bukan hidrokarbon seperti
: CO2, H2S, N2 dsb
Sifat fisik gas alam antara lain adalah:
- Berat Molekul
- Densitas
- Specific Gravity
- Faktor Deviasi gas
- Viscositas Gas
- Compressibilitas gas
- Gas Formation Volume Factor dan Expansion Factor
- Water Vapor Content
- Two phase System
- API Gravity
- Gas Gravity
- Z factor
Berat Molekul gas

Berat Molekul gas dapat ditentukan berdasarkan


persamaan:

Ma = Berat molekul gas campuran


Yi = Fraksi mol gas i
Mi = Berat molekul gas i

Contoh:

Berat molekul gas diatas adalah 17.083 lbm/lb-mol.


Densitas dan Specific Gravity Gas

Berdasarkan persamaan gas nyata :


PV = n Z RT ; dimana
n = m/M

Jadi PV = m ZRT/M
Sedangkan densitas adalah m/V; sehingga dari
persamaan diatas :
Faktor Deviasi Gas, Z

Pengukuran Z
1. Di laboratorium
2. Grafik korelasi dan persamaan
Pengukuran Z di laboratorium
Penentuan Z berdasarkan Grafik Korelasi / Persamaan

Penentuan Z berdasarkan Grafik Korelasi / Persamaan


memerlukan faktor pseudo reduced pressure (Ppr) dan
pseudo reduced temperature (Tpr) .

Ppr dan Tpr didefinisikan sebagai:

Sedang Tpc dan Ppc didefinisikan sebagai:


Apabila komposisi gas tidak diketahui, Tpc dan Ppc dapat
ditentukan dari grafik dibawah ini:
Apabila kadar impurities > 5 %
Contoh
Compressibilitas
Viskositas Gas
Korelasi yang umum digunakan adalah korelasi Carr,
Kobayashi dan Burrows.
Contoh:

Tentukanlah viskositas gas reservoir pada kondisi P = 2500


psia dan T = 180 oF.
Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)

The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is defined as


the volume of gas in the reservoir divided by the
volume of gas at standard conditions.

Bg = (reservoir gas volume)/(standard conditions


gas volume).
Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)
Jika Tekanan reservoir = 2900 psia dan Temperatur reservoir = 190
o
F; tentukanlah:
SG, Z, Viskositas Gas, Cg dan Bg
Dari suatu reservoir gas diketahui SG gas = 0.7 dan
terdapat impurities H2S = 5 % mole dan CO2 = 12 % mole.
Jika Tekanan reservoir = 2900 psia dan Temperatur
reservoir = 190 oF; tentukanlah:
SG, Z, Viskositas Gas, Cg dan Bg
Real Gas

PV = Z n RT
Persamaan Van der Walls
Standard Units of Defined Calorific Values
Barrel of Oil Equivalent (b.o.e.) : a hypothetical barrel of oil
with an average heat content of 5.8 x 106 Btu gross.
Ton of Oil Equivalent (t.o.e.) : a hypothetical ton of oil with
an average heat content of 43 x 106 Btu gross.
Metric Tonne Coal Equivalent (m.t.c.e.) : a hypothetical metric
tonne of coal with an average heat content of 27.337 x 106 Btu
gross, i.e. ( 12,400 Btu/lb x 2204.62 ).

Natural Gas Equivalents of Various Fuels


Std. Fuel Units ft3 Natural Gas m3 Natural Gas
1 b.o.e. 5,800 155.50
1 t.o.e. 43,000 1152.82
1 m.t.c.e. 27,337 732.90
1 ton fuel oil equiv. 41,400 1109.92
Sistem gas kondensat

Gas kondensat adalah gas yang berada dalam phase gas di reservoir
dan terkondensasi (sebagian berubah menjadi liquid) di separator.
Temperatur reservoir di atas cricondenterm dari campuran hidrokarbon

Single component fluid: multicomponent fluids:


Perhitungan Z faktor untuk Wet Gas
dan Gas Condensat Reservoar

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Assignment - 1

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