ES 64 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies (Strength of Materials)

Text: Strength of Materials, 4 th ed., ANDREW PYTEL and

FERDINAND L. SINGER

What to expect to learn from the course

- know how to quantify the internal effects of external forces

and
temperature on the material
- computation of internal forces in materials
- computation of stresses and deformations/deflections
- simple stress, torsional stress, bending stress,
horizontal shearing stress, combined stresses.
- simple strain, axial deformation, shearing
deformation
torsional angle of twist, beam deflections
Grading System:

1. Major Exams 80%

a. First prelim
b. Midterm
c. Final
2. Quizzes 15%
3. Attendance 5%

General Rule: No removal exam, No Incomplete grade.

Exception: Valid reasons to be proved by students.
 SIMPLE STRESSES
- stress, = P/A

- the force, P, is acting at the centroid of an area, A.

Kinds of simple stress:

1. Normal P is acting perpendicular to area, A

a. Tensile - P is acting outward from area, A
b. Compressive P is acting towards area, A

P P

tensile compressive

2. Shearing P is acting parallel to area, A.

a. Single P is resisted by only one area, A
b. Double P is resisted by two areas, 2A.
c. Punching P is resisted by the perimeter of
a hole times thickness of the plate
(note: other symbol for shearing stress is )

P
single shear

P/2
P
P/2
double shear

punching shear
3. Bearing brought about by two surfaces in contact.
- the resisting area is the area of contact (bearing area).
- in case of rivets or bolts fitted in a hole, bearing area is
equal to the diameter of the hole/rivet times thickness of
plate. (the rivet/bolt bears with the plate)

P d

bearing area, A

Aa P
t

bearing area = (d)(t)

 - Strength the resistance of a material to applied
stress
- measured as the amount of stress a
material
can withstand without breaking or failing.
- allowable vs ultimate strength
- every material has its unique strength in
tension, compression, bearing, shearing,
torsion, and bending.
- in the design of structures, the actual
stress
in the materials used should not exceed
its
strength.
Prob. An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and s bronze rod as shown
in the figure below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the value of
the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 Mpa, in aluminum
of 90 MPA, or in bronze of 100MPa.

Figure:
Steel, A= 500mm2 Aluminum, A= 400mm2 Bronze, A= 200mm2
2P
4P P

2.5m 2.0m 1.5m

G iven:
Maximum allowable stress for steel = 140 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for aluminum = 90 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 100 Mpa

Required: Maximum safe value of axial load P

Solution:
For Steel:
stAst=5P 5P 5P
140(500)=5P
P=14000N
For aluminum:
alAal=P
90(400)=P P P
P=36000N
For bronze:
brAbr=2P
100(200)=2P 2P 2P
P=10000N

Therefore, for safe P, use P = 10000N = 10kN answer

Problem: A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must
carry
a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the
tube
if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.

Solution:

P = A

where:
P = 400kN = 400000N
= 120MPa
A = (1/4)D2 (1/4)(1002)
A = (1/4) (D210000)
thus,
400000 = 120[(1/4) (D210000)]
400000 = 30 D2300000
D2 = (400000+300000 )/(30 )
D = 119.35mm answer

Prob. The block of weight W hangs from the pin at A. The wires AB and AC are pinned to the
support at B and C. The cross-sectional areas are 0.4 in.2 for AB and 0.5 in.2 for AC.
Neglecting the weights of the wires, determine the maximum safe value of W if the stress
in either wire is limited to 30 ksi.

Given: Figure:
Maximum allowable stress of the wire = 30 ksi
Cross-sectional area of wire AB = 0.4 in2
Cross-sectional area of wire AC = 0.5 in2
Required: Largest weight, W B C

Solution:
Fx = 0 30 A 50
TABCos30-TACCos50= 0 (eqn. 1)
TAB = TACCos50/Cos30 = 0.7421TAC TAB TAC
W
Fy = 0
TABSin30+TACSin50= W (eqn. 2) 30
50
0.741TAC(Sin30)+TACSin50= W
TAC= 0.8794W
TAB= 0.6527W
W

For wire AB: For wire AC:

ABAAB = TAB ACAAC = TAC
Problem : A horizontal bar is supported by two cables at its ends. One cable is steel,
the other is bronze.
Given:
Weight of bar = 800 kg x 9.8 N/kg = 7848 N
Allowable tensile stress for bronze = 90 MPa
Allowable tensile stress for steel = 120 MPa
Required: Smallest area of bronze and steel cables

Solution:
By symmetry:
Pbr = Pst = (7848)/2 steel
bronze
Pbr = 3924N
Pst = 3924N
For bronze cable:
Pbr = brAbr 800kg
3924 = 90Abr 5m

5m
Abr = 43.6mm2 answer FBD:

For steel cable: Pst

Pbr

Problem: A 20-mm cylindrical rod is used to punch a
hole through a 25-mm thick steel plate. If the shear
strength of the plate is 350 MN/m2 , what is the force
that must be applied to punch a hole through the plate.

Given:
Required diameter of hole = 20 mm
Thickness of plate = 25 mm
Shear strength of plate = 350 MN/m2
Required: Force required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole
Solution:
The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter, and the
shear force V is equal to the punching force P.
= V/A
V= P = A where, A = (circumference of the hole) X (thickness of
plate)
P=350[(20)(25)]
P=549778.7N
P=549.8kN answer
Problem: (Normal Compressive stresses) P
Given:
Size of steel bearing plate = 12-inches square
Size of concrete footing = 12-inches square
Size of wooden post = 8-inches diameter wood
Allowable compressive stress for wood = 1800 psi
Allowable bearing stress for concrete = 650 psi steel
Required: Maximum safe value of load P

Solution :
concrete

For wood:
Pw = w Aw
Pw = 1800[ (82)/4]
Pw = 90477.9 lbs.

For concrete: (the force P is transmitted to the concrete undiminished)

Pc = c Ac (Ac is shaded area of contact between steel and
concrete)
Pc = 650(122)
Pc = 93600 lbs.

Safe load P = 90477.9 lbs. answer

Problem : (Stresses in truss members)
Given:
Cross-sectional area of each member = 1.8 in2
Required:
Stresses in members CE, DE, and DF
Solution:

From the FBD of the truss:

MA=0 Fy = 0
16(30) - 24RF = 0 RA + RF = 30
RF=20k RA = 30 20 = 10k
At joint F:
Fy=0
3/5DF=20
DF=33.33k(Comp.)
DF = 33.33/1.8
=18.52 ksi
At joint D: (by symmetry) At joint E:
BD=DF=33.33k(Comp) F y=0
Fy=0
3/5CE+30=40
DE=3/5BD+3/5DF
CE=16.66k(Tension)
DE=3/5(33.33)+3/5(33.33) CE =
Prob.118. A 200-mm diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mm diameter
shaft by a 70-mm long key. If a torque of T= 2.2 kN-m is applied to the shaft,
determine the width b of the key if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60MPa.

Given: Figure: key Shaft

Diameter of pulley = 200 mm
Diameter of shaft = 60 mm
Length of key = 70 mm
Applied torque to the shaft = 2.2 kNm
Allowable shearing stress in the key = 60 Mpa

Required: Width b of the key

Solution:
Pulley
From FBD of the shaft: pulley
M center of shaft = 0
T = 0.03F
b

2.2 = 0.03F
70mm

F = 73.33kN
F V
Prob. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as
shown in the figure below. The diameter of the pin is 20mm.

Given: Figure:
Diameter of pin at B = 20 mm
Required: Shearing stress of the pin at B

Solution:
From the FBD:
MC = 0
0.25RBY= 0.25(40sin35)+0.2(40cos35)
RBY= 49.156kN
Fx= 0
RBX= 40cos35 RBX
RBX= 32.766kN
RB2 = R2BX + R2BY
RB2 = 32.76622 + 49.15622
RBY RCY
RB=59.076kN shear force of pin at B
VB = B A (double shear) RB
RBY
59.076(1000)= B [2(/4)(202)
B = 94.02MPa answer
Prob. The lap joint shown below is fastened by four -in. diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to
14ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18ksi. Assume the applied load is
equally divided among the four rivets.

Given: Figure:
Diameter of each rivet = 3/4 inch
Maximum allowable shear stress of rivet = 14 ksi
Maximum allowable bearing stress of plate = 18 ksi

Solution:
Required: The maximum safe value of P
that can be applied
Solution:
Based on shearing (single) of one rivet:
P /4 = A
P = 4 [14(/4)(3/4)2]
P = 24.74kips)
Based on bearing on the plate or rivet:
P/4 = b A b
A b = diameter of rivet x thickness of plate P P/4 (each rivet
P = 4 [18(3/4)(7/8)]
P = 47.25kips
Safe load P = 24.74kips answer
 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

-- A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

A. TANGENTIAL STRESS , t (Circumferential Stress)

Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the tank is L and
the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:

The forces acting are the total

force F caused by the internal
pressure p, and the total tension T
in the walls. The area of the wall in tension is tL .

F = pA = pDL
T= t A wall = t tL
Fx = 0
F = 2T
pDL=2(t tL)
t = pD/(2t)

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi,

the formula may be expressed as:

t=(pi po)D/(2t)
B. LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L

Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section

of the tank.

The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal
to the total longitudinal stress on the wall PT= L Awall.
Since t is so small compared to D, the resisting area of the
wall is close to Dt

F = pA = p (/4)D2
PT = L Dt
Fx = 0
PT=F
L Dt = p (/4)D2
L = pD/ (4t)

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:
L = ( p I po )D/ (4t)

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.
t = 2L
Spherical Vessel:

If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:

t = (pD)/(4t)

If there exist an external pressure po

and an internal pressure pi, the formula
may be expressed as:

t=(pi po)D/(4t)

Derivation:

Fx = 0:
t
t (Dt) = P
P is the resultant force due to pressure p acting on area A
P = p(D2)/4
P
t (Dt) = p(D2)/4
t = (pD)/(4t)
Prob. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400mm in diameter with a wall thickness
of 20mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the
tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the
internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2?
(c) if the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the
type of fracture that would occur.
Given:
Diameter of cylindrical pressure vessel = 400 mm
Wall thickness = 20 mm
Internal pressure,p = 4.5 MN/m2
Allowable stress = 120 MN/m2
Required:
Longitudinal stress; tangential stress
Maximum amount of internal pressure that can be applied
Expected fracture if failure occurs

Solution:
Part (a)
F=2T
pDL=2(ttL)
t =pD/(2t)= 4.5(400)/[(2)(20)]
t =45MPa answer
Longitudinal Stress (transverse section):
F=P
(1/4)D2 p= lL(Dt)
L=(pD)/(4t) = [(4.5)(400)]/[(4)(20)]
L =22.5MPa answer
Part (b)
From (a), t =pD/(2t) and L=(pD)/(4t), thus t = 2L .
This shows that tangential stress is the critical.
t = (pD)/(2t)
120=[(p)(400)] / [(2)(20)]
p=12MPa answer

The bursting force will cause a stress on the longitudinal

section that is twice that of the transverse section.
Thus, fracture is expected as shown.
Problem: A 4ft.-diameter spherical tank has wall thickness of a 5/16 in. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress in the walls is limited to 8000psi.

Given: Figure:
Diameter of spherical tank = 4 ft
Wall thickness = 5/16 inch
Maximum stress = 8000 psi
Required: Allowable internal pressure

Solution:

Resultant or total internal pressure:

P=p(D2/4)
Resisting force from wall:
F = t (Dt)
By equilibrium:
F=P
t (Dt) = p(D2/4 )
t = (pD)/(4t)
8000=[p(4)(12)] / [(4)(5/16)]
p=208.3psi answer
Problem 136: A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of
20mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450mm and its length is 2.0 m.
Determine the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal
stress is limited to 140MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to 60MPa.

Given : t = 20mm
D = 450mm
L = 140 MPa (limit)
t = 60 Mpa (limit)

Required: Maximum internal pressure p.

Solution:
Basing from limit longitudinal stress:
L=(pD) / (4t)
p = (4t)( L ) / D
= [4(20)](140)/450
p = 24.89 MPa.
Basing from limit tangential or circumferential stress
t =pD/(2t)
p = (2t)( t) /D
= [2(20)](60)/450
= 5.33 MPa.
Therefore, maximum internal pressure that can be applied is 5.33 MPa.
Problem 138: The strength of the longitudinal joint of the cylindrical pressure vessel is 33 kips/ft.
whereas the strength of the girth joint is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum
diameter of the vessel if the internal pressure is 150 psi.

Given : Figure: girth joint

strength of longitudinal joint = 33 kips/ft
strength of girth joint = 16 kips/ft
internal pressure p = 150 psi.
Required: Maximum diameter D.
Solution:
longitudinal joint
Strength of longitudinal joint is along tangential stress.
t = pD/(2t)
Analyzing 1 ft length along the joint.
33,000 = [(150x144)(D)]
t 2t
D = 3.06 ft.
Strength of girth joint is along longitudinal stress.
L= pD/(4t)
Analyzing 1 ft length along the joint.
16,000 = [(150x144)(D)]
t 4t
D = 2.96 ft.
Therefore, maximum diameter D = 2.96 ft.
 Rotating ring

The principle in thin walled vessel may also be applied in a thin rotating ring
.
In this case, the bursting force is generated by the centrifugal force developed
in half of the ring. The centrifugal force is obtained by assuming that the mass of
half of the ring is concentrated at its center of gravity.

The centrifugal force P

F = mro 2
r
where m is the mass of half the ring,
ro defines the location of the center of gravity F
of half the ring, and is the angular ro
velocity of the ring in radians per unit time.

P
If is the mass per unit volume of the ring,
A is the cross sectional area of the ring, and r is
the radius of the ring,

m = (Volume) = Ar

For a semicircle, ro = 2 r / , thus:

F = (Ar)(2 r / ) 2 = ( 2 A) r 2 2

But peripheral velocity v = r , , thus:

F = 2 A v2

Summing forces along the horizontal and equating to zero,

2P = F thus, P = A v2

and the stress = P/A is

= v2
 Problem: At what angular velocity will the stress in a rotating steel ring equal 150 Mpa if its mean
radius is 220 mm . and the density of steel is 7.85 Mg/m3.
Given : = 150 MPa = 150 x 10 6 N/m2
mass density = 7.85 Mg/m3
mean radius r = 220 mm.

Required: angular velocity,

Solution:

To obtain peripheral velocity v,

= v2

(Kg-m/sec2 ) Mg Kg
150 x 10 6 ----------------- = (7.85 ------ ) (10 3) ------ v2
m2 m3 Mg

v = 138.23 m/sec

But v = r, thus
= v/r = (138.23 m/sec) / (0.22m)
= 628.331 rad/sec)