TUMOR

Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue

resulting from uncontrolled division
(cancer).

Tumor is of two types;

(1) Malignant tumor (cancerous)

(2) Benign tumor (non-cancerous)
(1) Malignant Tumor
Invade or spread to other parts of
the body.

High rate of division.

Spread by forming Metastasis.

Cells travel through circulation.

Very difficult to treat.

Cancer Metastasis
Metastasis is the spread of cancer to
other location in the body.
The new tumors are called metastatic
tumors, while the original site is called
primary tumor.
Basal lamina of epithelium normally
provides barrier.
Malignant tumor cells break, attach to
basal lamina.
Migrate into circulatory system.
(2) Benign Tumor
Do not spread to other part of the body.
Generally localized and of small size
Slow rate of division.
Cells that closely resemble, and may
function, like normal cells.
Do not break out of originating organ.
Easily to removed by surgery.
 CANCE
Runcontrolled division of abnormal cells in
An
a part of the body is called cancer.

Loss of Cell-cycle Control.

Before a cell divides, the DNA is checked to

make sure it has replicated correctly. (If
DNA does not copy itself correctly, a gene
mutation occurs).
lassification of Cancer

Cancers are classified by the type

of cell.

(1) Carcinoma
(2) Sarcoma
(3) Lymphoma and Leukemia
(4) Germ Cell Tumor
(5) Blastoma
(1) Carcinoma:
Cancers derived from epithelial cells.

(2) Sarcoma:
Cancers arising from connective tissue (i.e.
bone, cartilage, blood etc).

(3) Lymphoma and Leukemia:

These two classes of cancer arise from
hematopoietic (blood forming) cells.
(4) Germ Cell Tumor:
Cancers derived from pluripotent cells,
most often presenting in the testicles and
ovary.

(5) Blastoma:
Cancers derived from immature
precursor cells or embryonic tissue.
ormal Cell VS Cancer C
Causes of Cancer
The great majority of cancers 90-
95% cases, are due to environmental
factors.

The remaining 5-10% are due to

inherited genetics.
) Environmental Facto
Environmental factors include;

(1) Tobacco (25-30%)

(2) Diet and obesity (30-35%)
(3) Infections (15-20%)
(4) Radiation (10%)
(5) Stress and
(6) Environmental pollutants
2) Inherited Genetics
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue
growth regulation failure.
In order for a normal cell to transform into a
cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell
growth.

The affected genes are divided into two broad

categories;

(1) Oncogenes
(2) Tumor Suppressor Genes
(1) Oncogenes:
Oncogenes are genes that promote
cell growth and reproduction.

(2) Tumor Suppressor Genes:

Tumor suppressor genes are genes
that inhibit cell division and
survivals.
Signs and Symptoms
When cancer begins, it invariably
produces no symptoms.

Signs and symptoms only appear as the

mass continues to grow (tumor).
 Cell Death

There are two types of cell death;

(1)Apoptosis

(2) Necrosis
 Apoptosis
(Programme
d Cell Death)
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of cell
death, also called the programmed cell
death.

Does not cause inflammation.

ecrosis (Lethal Injury)
In contrast, cells undergo another form of cell
death, necrosis. The released intracellular
contents can damage surrounding cells and often
cause inflammation.

Un-programmed cell death and living tissues.

(opposite to apoptosis).
Lung Cancer

In 2013, 174,470 people died from lung

cancer

Since 1987, more women have died

from lung cancer

Symptoms: persistent cough, blood-streaked

sputum, chest pain
Treatment: surgery, radiation therapy,
and chemotherapy

Prevention: avoid smoking and

environmental tobacco smoke
Breast Cancer

1 out of 8 women will develop breast

cancer
1 in 227: ages 39
1 in 25: ages 40-59
1 in 15: ages 60-79

Detection: mammograms, regular breast

self-exams
Symptoms: lump in the breast, thickening,
dimpling, skin irritation, distortion or
tenderness

Treatment: lumpectomy, radical mastectomy,

radiation, chemotherapy

Prevention: exercise
Skin Cancer
Long term effects of sun exposure can result in
skin cancer

Sun give off 3 types of harmful rays:

UVA
UVB
UVC

Prevention: limit exposure to harmful UV rays,

drink more fluids than usual, apply cool
What to look for The ABCD rule

Asymmetry half of mole does not look like

the other half
Border irregularity the edges are uneven
Color pigmentation is not uniform
Diameter greater than 6mm
Other Cancers
Pancreatic cancer silent 4% 5-
year survival rate

Leukemia cancer of blood forming

tissues
Cancer
Treatments
Surgery

Chemotherapy

Radiation therapy

Photodynamic therapy

Magic bullets

Angiogenesis (formation of blood vessels)

Inhibitors

Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells