AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

TOPIC 1
AIRCRAFT ENGINES
 Engines must be
lightweight, as a heavy engine increases the empty weight
of the aircraft & reduces its payload.
small and easily streamlined; large engines with
substantial surface area, when installed, create too much
drag, wasting fuel and reducing power output.
powerful, to overcome the weight and drag of the aircraft.
reliable, as losing power in an airplane is a substantially
greater problem than an automobile engine seizing. Aircraft
engines operate at temperature, pressure, and speed
extremes, and therefore need to operate reliably and safely
under all these conditions.
repairable, to keep the cost of replacement down. Minor
repairs are relatively inexpensive
 TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES
Air breathing engine
Reciprocating Engine
Gas-Turbine Engine
Non-air breathing engines
Rocket engine
Plasma engine
 Reciprocating Engine
In-line type
Opposed or flat type
V type
Radial type
 In-line type

The cylinder are arranged in single

row and parallel to crankshaft.
There are generally an even number
of cylinder in order to provide
balance of firing impulses.
Use is largely confined to low and
medium horsepower (small aircraft)
 In-line type
Advantages
Small frontal area and streamlining resulted
low-drag nacelle.
Inverted position is designed for greater pilot
visibility and a shorter landing gear.
Disadvantages
Greater weight to horse power ratio than its
peers.
Difficult to air-cool when the size is bigger
 Opposed or flat type

Mounted with the cylinder horizontal and

easy to air cool.
Has a low weight-to-horsepower ratio
Free from vibration
The horizontally-opposed air cooled
engine is such a good combinations, and
today, virtually all production of
reciprocating engine-powered aircraft use
this type of engine
 V type

The cylinders are arranged in two in-line

banks generally set 60 degrees apart.
Two sets of connecting rods can operate
on the same crankpin.
Has lower weight per horsepower
compare to inline engine.
Better pilot visibility and shorter landing
gear are possible for inverted-V-type
engine.
 Radial type
Has an odd number of cylinders extending radially
from centerline of the crankshaft.
All cylinders are arranged evenly in the same circular
plane.
Has the lowest weight-power ratio of all types of piston
engines.
Has greater drag because of greater frontal area.
Has a problem in inside engine cooling.
The torque and gyro effects of large mass of the
engines made the airplanes difficult to control
 Radial type
articulating-rod Assembly
 Engine Design and Classification
Conventional piston engines can be
classified according to, cylinder
arrangement, cooling method, and
number of strokes per cycle.
Classification with respect to cylinder
arrangement is grouped into:
In-line upright, in-line inverted, V type upright,
V type inverted, double V (fan type), X type,
opposed type, radial single row, radial double
row, radial multiple-row.
 Letters designation
L; Left hand rotation
T; Turbocharged
V; Vertical crankshaft
H; Horizontal crankshaft
A; Aerobatic, (fuel and oil system)
I; Fuel Injected
G; Geared nose reduction
S; Supercharged (high manifold pressure)
O; Opposed cylinder
R; Radial engine
 Suffix designation
ABCDE
A = letter-power section and rating
B = number- nose design
C = accessory
D = counterweight balance
E = magneto
 example
G TS I O 520 E 1 B 4 D
G; propeller with geared reduction
TS; turbo supercharged engine
I; fuel injected
O; opposed type
520; 520 in3 displacement
E; E-type crankcase
1; number 1 nose section
B; B-type accessory section
4; mode 4 counterweight
D; dual magneto
 Reciprocating engine components
Example;
 Reciprocating engine components
Diesel;
 Engine Operating Fundamentals
Cycle
Is a complete sequence of events returning to the original state.
Engine Cycle
Is the series of events that an internal-combustion goes through
while it is operating and delivering power.
TDC (Top Dead Center)
The point which a piston has reached when it is at its maximum
distance from the centerline of the crankshaft.
BDC (Bottom Dead Centre)
The point which a piston has reached when it is at its minimum
distance from the centerline of the crankshaft.
 Engine Operating Fundamentals
Bore
Internal diameter of the cylinder.
Stroke
The maximum distance through which the piston
travels.
Square Engine
An engine having the bore equal to the stroke
Compression Ratio
Is the ratio of the volume of space in the cylinder
when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to the
volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke.
 Four Stroke Cycle
5 events
Intake, compression, ignition, combustion, exhaust.
It is also called the Otto Cycle.
The crankshaft makes 2 rev for each complete
cycle.
Consists of 4 strokes in a complete cycle:
Intake, compression, power, exhaust
 Intake stroke

Intake stroke start when intake valve is

opened at about 150 before TDC
As the piston moves, a mixture of fuel
and air (working fluids) is drawn from
carburetor into the cylinder.
Piston move to TDC then to BDC with the
intake valve open and the exhaust valve
closed.
The end of the intake stroke is when the
intake valve is closed at about 600 after
BDC
 Compression stroke
The piston moves back toward the cylinder head from
BDC.
The intake valve closes as much as 600 of crankshaft
rotation after BDC. (inertia, volumetric efficiency).
The fuel air mixture is compressed (IC, EC).
A few degree before piston reaches TDC (280), ignition
take place. [max pressure & prevent excessive temp]
It creates heat and pressure to force piston downward.
Compression stroke end at TDC.
 Power stroke
Power stroke start when the piston at TDC.
The movement of the piston downward is forced
by the high pressure rotate the crankshaft and
create high store inertia energy.
It is also called expansion stroke because of the
gas expansion at this stroke.
Power stroke end when the exhaust valve is
opened at about 550 before BDC.
 Exhaust stroke
Exhaust stroke start when exhaust valve is
opened.
Hot gases begin to escape from the
cylinder.
The pressure differential across the piston
is almost zero.
It also called the scavenging stroke.
Exhaust stroke end when the exhaust
valve is closed at about 550 after TDC.
 Two Stroke Cycle
5 events
Intake, compression, ignition, combustion, exhaust.
It is also called the Otto Cycle.
The crankshaft makes 1 rev for each complete
cycle.
Consists of 2 strokes in a complete cycle:
First stroke and second stroke
 First stroke
The piston moved upward from BDC creates low
pressure in the crankcase and while check valve is
opened.
The piston continues to move up in the cylinder, then at
almost 20% from BDC the inlet port is closed.
The working fluids in the cylinder is compressed.
(compression event)
While this is happening, a new charge of fuel and air is
drawn.
When almost at TDC a spark is produced, thus igniting
the mixture. (ignition event)
The piston reached TDC, the crankcase is filled with the
working fluids and the check valve is closed.
 Second stroke
Gases of combustion is expand and drive the piston down.
(combustion event)
During this time, the mixture in the crankcase is pressurized.
When the piston approaches the BDC, exhaust port is
opened. (exhaust event)
As the exhaust gases rush out the exhaust port, the mixture
flows in.
Exhaust and intake events take place almost
simultaneously.
The piston then moves downward in the cylinder and
compresses the mixture in the crankcase. At the BDC,
intake port is opened to permit the working fluids which is
compressed in the crankcase to flow into cylinder. (intake
event)
 Advantage and disadvantages of
two stroke engine.
Advantage
Mechanically simple and less components
Disadvantages
Loss of efficiency as a result of the fuel-air charge
mixing with the exhaust gases and the loss of some
of the charge through the exhaust port.
The engine is more difficult to cool because the
cylinder fires at every revolution on the crankshaft
Difficult to lubricate properly because the lubricant
must be introduced with the working fluids.
 The Diesel Engine
The operating principle of the four stroke
cycle diesel engine superficially resembles
that gasoline four stroke engine.
Except that the pure diesel requires no
electric ignition.
The highly compressed hot air in the
cylinder ignites the fuel that has been
injected.
 Power Calculations
Piston displacement
Is the total volume displaced by piston during 1 revolution of the
crankshaft.
Indicated horsepower (ihp)
Is the horsepower developed by the engine, that is the horsepower
converted from heat energy to mechanical energy.
ihp = PLANK
Indicated mean effective pressure (imep)
The average pressure inside the cylinder.
Friction horsepower (fhp)
Part of the total horsepower neceassary to overcome the friction of the
moving parts in the engine and its accessories
Brake horsepower (bhp)
Is the actual horsepower delivered by an engine to a propeller or other
driven device.
bhp = ihp - fhp
 Power Calculations
The prony brake (dynamometer)
Is a device to measure the torque produced by an engine.
bhp = F*L*2*pi*rpm
The indicator diagram
Show the pressure for all continuous events.
Power ratings
The takeoff power rating of an engine is determined by the maximum
rpm and manifold pressure at which the airplane engine may be
operated during takeoff.
Manifold pressure
Is the pressure of the fuel-air-mixture in the intake manifold between the
carburetor and intake valve.
Rated power
Is the maximum horsepower output which can be obtained from an
engine at power rating for safe continues operation.
 Engine Efficiency
Mechanical efficiency
Is a ration between bhp and ihp.
Thermal efficiency
Is heat losses suffered in converting the heat energy
of the fuel to mechanical energy.
Power efficiency
The ratio between power output and input
Volumetric efficiency
Ration between volume of the fuel-air charged at
atmospheric pressure and tempt to piston
displacement.
 Gas Turbine Engine
Rockets
Ram Jet Engine
Turbojet Engine
Turbofan
Turboprop
turboshaft
 Rocket
Produces thrust by burning liquid
fuel which has been mixed with a
liquid oxidizer (usually oxygen).
The propellant is placed in one tank
and the oxidizer in another tank.
The nozzle has a definite shape and
is known as a converging-diverging
nozzle.
 Ram Jet Engine
The simplest of the jet engine
It contains no moving parts.
Like a pipes resemble such the diameter enlarges in the combustion
area and then gradually decrease toward the rear to reach its
minimum size at the exit.
Located in the combustion area are flame holders, a fuel nozzle and
igniter.
The ramjet must be assisted to attain a velocity in excess of about
402km/h before it can be started.
Flame holder is used to slow down the airflow so that the fuel can
be mixed and ignited.
Scramjet is supersonic combustion ramjet
 SISTEM PESAWAT
TERBANG

Hiller Horner

Nord 1500 Griffon

 Gas Turbine Engine
Basic operation of the gas turbine;
Air is brought into the front of the turbine engine and
compressed
Fuel is mixed with this air and burned
Heated exhaust gases rush out the back of the
engine.
A gas turbine engine has three major section
Air compressor
Combustion section
Turbine section
Gas Turbine Engine
Gas Turbine Engine
 Gas Turbine Engine
Types of gas turbine engine
Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Turboshaft
The basic components of all these
engines are essential the same
The difference lies in the type and
arrangement of these components.
 Turbojet engine
It is the first real successful gas turbine
engine.
 Turboprop engine
Contain with a reduction gearbox mounted in the
front or forward end.
About 90% of the energy to drive the propeller
and 10% for jet exhaust.
The reduction is used to reduce the rotational
speed to a value suitable for propeller use.
 Turboshaft engine
Is a gas turbine engine which delivers
shaft horsepower through an output shaft.
Almost use all the energy to drive the
output shaft.
Used mainly on helicopter and for auxiliary
power units
 Turbofan engine
May be considered a cross between a
turbojet engine and turboprop engine.
A turbofan engine accelerates a smaller
volume of air than T.P. but larger than T.J.
The fans rotational speed same with
L.P.C.
 Gas Turbine Engine Performance
Thrust, T
Newtons Law
T m V
Fuel-air mixture
T m a (V2 V1 ) m
f (V j )
Difference in pressure
T j A j ( P j Pamb )
 Gas Turbine Engine Performance
Net thrust, Tn
Tn m a (V2 V1 ) m f (V j ) A j ( Pj Pamb )

T fn for
Net thrust (V 2 V1 ) Tm
m acturbofan, fn f (V j ) m
ah (V 2 V1 )

thp TxV flight

Thrust horse power, thp
 Gas Turbine Engine Performance
Thrust specific fuel consumption, tsfc
wf
tsfc
Tn

Propulsive efficiency, pe
WorkComple ted
pe
WorkComple ted WorkWasteI nTheExhaust

m acV flight (V j V ) m ahV flight (V j V )

pe
1 1
m acV flight (V j V ) m ahV flight (V j V ) m ac (V j V ) 2 m ah (V j V ) 2
2 2