Chapter 4

Bonding
 Ionic bonding
Metals and non metals
Held together by strong electrostatic forces
Held in a giant lattice structure
Giant lattices of ions form ionic crystals
(NaCl)
Isoelectronic- both have the same number
and arrangement of electrons e.g.
Na+ 1s2s2p^6
Ne 1s2s2p^6
 Lattice energy
The lattice energy of an ionic crystal
can be defined as-
The enthalpy of formation of one mole
of an ionic compound from gaseous
ions under standard conditions
Are negative as they relate to
forming the lattice.
 Polarisation in ionic bonds
Cations(+vly charged) with a small ionic
radius are more polarising than larger cations
because their charge density is higher- the
effect of the +ve nucleus is felt more strongly.
Mg is more polarising than Ba
Cations with a large +ve charge are more
polarising than cations with a smaller charge.
Mg is more polarising than Mg
 Dative covalent bonds
Both electrons that make up a
covalent bond come from the same
atom
NH3+HNH4
 Giant structures
Giant atomic structures form atomic
crystals
E.g. diamond-with carbon atoms held
together by covalent bonds
 Metallic bonding
o Positive metal ions surrounded by a
sea of delocalised electrons