05a - Weldability of Ti, ZR and Ta Alloys (2013)

Weldability of metals
Weldability of Titanium and

reactive alloys
Data ultimo aggiornamento: gioved 27 giugno 2013

Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Pure titanium: chemical - physical characteristics
IIS Progress
Gruppo Istituto Italiano della Saldatura 2

Exceptional resistance to erosion
Excellent fatigue behavior
Good toughness
Resistance to most mineral acids and
chlorides
High mechanical properties: Rp0.2
480 MPa - 1100
Low density (4.5 kg/m3)
Low coefficient of thermal expansion Ti6Al4V
(at 20 C) of 8.4 m / m C (steel

12.1)
thermal conductivity than steel
Non-toxic and biocompatible, weakly
paramagnetic
High affinity with oxygen
IIS Progress

Corrosion rate typical, for normal
industrial applications not
exceeding 0.04 mm thin / year
Strong reducing acid
environments and high-T can
lead to corrosion of the titanium:
the protective film, damaged,
does not regenerate
The titanium called ELI (extra low
interstitial) does not have the
ductile-brittle transition and
remains though until at
temperatures below -200 C for
cryogenic applications
IIS Progress
Main uses
Military and aerospace industry
Ducts, tanks for corrosive fluids
Gears and compressor blades for
jet engines
Components rotor helicopters K-512 Tomsk - 949A Antey
Food and pharmaceutical industry

Biomedical (hip implants)
Cathodes and anodes for refining
copper
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Metallurgy of pure titanium

Pure titanium:
up to about 880 C EC grid ( phase)
over 880 C ( transus) CCC structure
(phase )
1678 C melting temperature
At 600 C the resistance of the
passivating layer of oxide decreases:
there is the formation of scales and a
Alfa case (Ti 6 Al 4 V)
layer of phase enriched O2 (alpha case)
brittle
The corrosion resistance in reducing
environments or, alternately oxidizing and
reducing agents, can be increased by
small additions of palladium (Pd), within
the limit of solubility of the matrix
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From pure titanium to titanium alloys

Elements such as Al, C, O, N, increase the temperature of transition from
alpha to beta (called beta - transus) above 880C For this reason, are
called alpha-stabilizers N, O, C (in limited quantities) stabilize the alpha
phase but, above all, harden the alloy, without embrittlement
Many other alloy elements (Cr, Nb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ta, V) have the
opposite aim, lowering that temperature to below 880 C For this reason,
are called beta-stabilizers
Other elements such as Sn and Zr are used primarily to increase the

mechanical strength, entering into solution in the alpha phase
Items such as Pd and Ru are mainly used to increase the corrosion
resistance
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Titanium alloys equilibrium diagram

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Ti grades accorgin to standard ASTM
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Titanium alloys
Commercially pure titanium (CP)
Presents limited amount of
interstitial elements (O, in
particular), in function of which will
have varying degrees of Ti CP
The corrosion resistance is excellent
and constant in the different grades
Mechanical strength and hardness
increase with the oxygen content
The ductility is greater for the purest
degrees (most common use)
They are called grades 1 to 4, with a
fifth grade (grade 7) with Pd
IIS Progress
Commercially pure titanium (CP)

Ti> 98.635%: only
small levels of
interstitial elements
ASTM B 265
degrees 1 4 and 7:
purity, relative to the
metallic impurities
and interstitial
elements,
descending from 1 to
4
Rp0, 2 grows with the% of impurities, especially iron and oxygen

The use of commercially pure titanium is limited to the chemical industry, but
grades 3 and 4 have already tensile characteristics of interest for the
manufacture of resistant structures
Pd (about 0.2% - solubility limit in the matrix) increases the corrosion resistance
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Alfa and superalfa alloys

They have good weldability
The content of Al ensures mechanical
strength and oxidation resistance even
between 300 and 600 C
Are not sensitive to aging treatments
Alloys characterized by high levels of
alpha-stabilizers and small amounts of
beta-stabilizers are called almost alpha
alpha or near-alpha
-transus high (1000 C): you can not
suppress the transformation as in
hardening of steels
Sensitive to the thermomechanical
processing that determines the size of
the grain alpha
The degrees ELI (Extra Low Interstitials)
are used at cryogenic temperatures, due
to their high toughness
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Alfa and superalfa alloys
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Alfa beta alloys

Obtained with beta elements -
stabilizers, which allow to keep up
this phase at room temperature
By cooling rapidly from the field +,
then performing an aging cycle can
be heat treated these alloys
The transformation of the beta phase,
with possible slow cooling, is
suppressed during quenching? Aging
involves the precipitation of alpha
phase ultrafine
Ti 6Al 4V
IIS Progress
Alfa beta alloys

The two-phase involves a certain grain
refinement, improved with the next (higher
tensile properties and toughness)
The lowering of -transus and the low rate
of diffusion of the elements -stabilizers
hindering the conversion of the phase
during cooling:
at room temperature will have a mixed
structure ( + ) formed by grains with
-stabilizing elements in supersaturated
solution (martensite)
The toughness increases as a result of the Lega Ti 6Al 4V
aging process, which precipitates in the
matrix, the mixed structure +
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Alfa beta alloys
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Beta alloys
They are characterized by high
amounts of beta - stabilizers
Are provided with a cycle of
solubilization and subsequent
hardening, in order to create a
structure beta
This structure (metastable, after
quenching) is made more durable
by heat treatment of aging, with
precipitation of alpha particles in
the matrix
Have the higher tensile
characteristics of all Ti alloys
IIS Progress
Beta alloys
T -transus at about 700 C: the
transformation of the phase is slow and it
can get this phase at room temperature
metastable phase at room temperature:

moderate heating or cold deformation
precipitate pahse in the matrix
Aging between 350 and 550 C: increase Lega Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn-3Cr

in tensile characteristics
During the treatment of "aging" may occur
the precipitation of brittle phase at high T
that is subsequently transformed in phase

Toughness superior to alpha-beta alloys,
for equal tensile characteristics, so are
often preferred for structural applications
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Beta alloys
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Supply states: annealing

Improves toughness and Designazione Temperatura (C) Tempo (h) Mezzo di
Raffreddamento
ductility and stabilizes Titanio puro
Titanio C.P. 650 - 750 0.1 - 2 Aria
the structure Leghe e super-
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn 720 - 850 0.2 - 4 Aria
Transformation of the Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V 780 1-8 Forno
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo 650 - 780 0.5 - 2 Aria
phase with sufficient Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo
Ti-6Al-4Zr-2Mo-2Sn
780 - 900
780 - 900
1-4
0.5 - 1
Aria
Aria
completeness to render Leghe -
Ti-3Al-2.5V 650 - 750 0.5 - 2 Aria
the remaining portion Ti-6Al-4V 700 - 780 1-4 Aria o forno
Ti-7Al-4Mo 700 - 780 1-8 Aria
resistant to further Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 700 - 820 1-4 Aria o forno
Ti-6Al-6Mo-4Zr-2Sn 700 - 740 2 Aria
processing Ti-8Mn 650 - 750 0.5 - 1 Forno sino 530C - aria
Ti-3Al-10V-2Fe 780 - 820 0.1 - 0.25 Aria
Retention of the material Leghe
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al 700 - 780 0.2 - 1 Aria o acqua
in the temperature range Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
700 - 760
770 - 790
0.2 - 1
0.1 - 0.25
Aria o acqua
Aria o acqua
-
Slow cooling up to 480
C, then in free air
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Supply states : solubilization and aging

Increases the mechanical strength and applies especially to the alloys -
Heating in the range towards the higher values: it forms a high

content of stabilizing elements in solution in the phase . The temperature
of the solubilization depends % phase that leads the alloying elements in
solution
Quenching in water to obtain a supersaturated phase: phase can be

preserved during the cooling or part of it can be transformed into phase
Aging (480 and 650 C): a mixed microstructure + , phase
precipitates in the residual or phase transformation
Increase in the tensile properties of the alloys - 30 - 50% higher than

the annealed
IIS Progress
Supply states : solubilization and aging

Tempra di solubilizzazione Invecchiamento
Designazione Temp. (C) Tempo (h) Mezzo di Temp. Tempo
raffreddamento (C) (h)
Leghe -
Ti-3Al-2.5V 870 - 930 0.25 - 0.3 Acqua 480 - 510 28
Ti-6Al-4V 890 - 970 0.2 - 1 Acqua 480 - 510 2 12
Ti-7Al-4Mo 910 - 970 0.2 - 2 Acqua 510 - 650 4 24
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 840 - 900 0.2 - 1 Acqua 470 - 620 28
Ti-6Al-6Mo-4Zr-2Sn 840 - 930 0.2 -1 Aria 560 - 620 28
Ti-3Al-10V-2Fe 780 - 820 1 Acqua 490 - 530 8
Leghe
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al 760 - 820 0.2 - 1 Aria o acqua 440 - 540 26
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn 730 - 780 0.2 - 1 Aria o acqua 480 - 590 8
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al 780 - 800 0.1 - 1 Aria o acqua 480 - 510 8
Parametri per il trattamento di

solubilizzazione, tempra ed invecchiamento
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Distension treatment
Designazione Temperatura (C) Tempo (h)
Titanio puro
Eliminate or reduce the Titanio commercialmente puro 480 - 600 0.5 - 1
tensions caused by cold Leghe e super-
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn 540 - 650 1-4
working, machining or Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V 580 - 610 2
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo 600 2-8
welding Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo 600 - 650 0.25 - 2
Ti-6Al-4Zr-2Mo-2Sn 480 - 650 1-4
Leghe -
Ti-3Al-2.5V 540 - 600 0.5 - 2
It is required for problems Ti-6Al-4V 540 - 600 2-4
related to stress corrosion Ti-7Al-4Mo 480 - 700 0.5 - 8
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 480 - 650 1-4
cracking and / or Ti-6Al-6Mo-4Zr-2Sn 600 - 700 0.25 - 4
Ti-8Mn 480 - 600 0.25 - 2
conditions of fatigue or Ti-3Al-10V-2Fe 670 - 700 0.5 - 2
precision machining Leghe
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al 480 - 540 0.5 - 6
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn 720 - 740 0.1 - 0.25
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al 510 - 600 1-4
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Zirconium, zirconium alloys

Transition metal with atomic number 40, has
silver color - gray reminiscent of Ti and is lighter
than the Fe
Good (but not high) thermal conductivity (22.7)
and a melting temperature of about 1855 C.
Crystalline structure EC (Zr), at room
temperature, with a phase transformation in Zr
(body centered cubic), at variable temperatures Zircaloy4, 200X
in function of the content of the elements alpha
and / or beta stabilized, around about 800
900 C .
The alloying elements, even in limited quantities,
can stabilize one or the other phase, allowing
the obtaining at room temperature, for example,
alloys having a mixed structure of plus
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Contains Zr Hf in nature from which it is to
separate complex: as a rule, it is an accepted
standard of Hf maximum of 4.5% for
corrosion resistant applications but not for
nuclear applications, in which it is considered
an impurity
Degrees unbound (Zr 702, UNS R60702, Zr
705, UNS R60705, tied with variable levels of Giunto saldato tra titanio Gr. 2 (a sinistra)
Nb 2-3%) are among the most widely used e Zr 702 (a destra), 8X
for anti-corrosion applications.

The degree Zr 700 is rather close to
chemical analysis to Zr 702 with respect to
which has lower levels of oxygen, therefore
higher ductility
Widely used for plating to explosion, having a
yield strength of about 275 MPa
IIS Progress

With variable Nb 2-3% increases the mechanical
strength of the degrees Zr705 and Zr706 than
grade Zr702 (these grades are used in
applications where it is also required mechanical
strength as well as resistance to corrosion).
The only Zr 702 and Zr 705 are those accepted by
the ASME Code. The use of Zr705 is limited in the
field of pressure equipment as such presents the
need for PWHT able to reduce the risk of cracking
from hydrides, which often characterize the
welded joints TIG welding of a pipe in Zr
The mechanical strength of zirconium unbound
depends on the level of interstitial (O, N, C, H and
Fe), as in the case of titanium
IIS Progress

Grado UNS Zr+Hf Hf Fe + Cr Sn O H N C Nb
700 R60700 99,2 min 4.5 0.20 - 0.10 0.005 0.025 0.05 -
702 R60702 99,2 min 4.5 0.20 - 0.16 0.005 0.025 0.05 -
704 R60704 97.5 min 4.5 0.200.40 1.002.00 0.18 0.005 0.025 0.05 -
705 R60705 95.5 min 4.5 0.20 max - 0.18 0.005 0.025 0.05 2.03.0
706 R60705 95.5 min 4.5 0.20 max - 0.16 0.005 0.025 0.05 2.03.0
Zircaloy-2 R60802 Rem. 0,010 - 1.20-1.70 0.16 0.0025 0,0080 0,027 -
Zircaloy-4 R60804 Rem. 0,010 0.28-0.37 1.20-1.70 0.16 0,0025 0,0080 0,027 -
Zr-2.5Nb R60904 Rem. 0,005 - - 0.16 0,0010 0,0065 0,027 2.40-2.80
IIS Progress
Tantalum, tantalum alloys

High melting temperature and density Density [kg/l] 16,6
more than twice that of a ferritic steel.
Crystal structure is CCC, stable up to the
Microstructure
melting temperature, monomorphic; (@ 20C) CCC
unlike the majority of the body-centered
cubic metals, tantalum also maintains a
good ductility at low temperature, without Melt T[C] 3017
ductile - brittle.
Excellent corrosion resistance against Thermal conductivity
[W/m K] @ 20C 50,4
many acids, chlorides, sulphides and
other chemicals: for this reason, it is
widely used in the chemical industry linear expansion
6,5
[m /m K] @ 20C
Atomic number 73
IIS Progress

In the Annealed condition, tantalum has a
mechanical strength ranging from 200 to 345
MPa and a yield stress between 165 and 220
MPa according to the degree of purity
The elongation at break is in turn variable
between 20 and 30% (on traits 2 in length).
The resilience at -196 C is greater than 270
J.
Semi-finished tantalum are manufactured by Column in C/S, Ta lined
processes of powder metallurgy (sintering),

for vacuum smelting electric arc or electron
beam: in this regard, the weldability of semi-
finished products obtained by powder
technology is not recommended due to the
high levels of porosity.
IIS Progress

The alloys of tantalum are obtained by
precipitation hardening, for solution or
combinations thereof: in particular,
between the main refractory metals (Mo,
W, Nb and Ta) there is a significant,
mutual solubility
Vanadium is also soluble in the above four
metals, and vice versa, while zirconium
and hafnium are themselves soluble in Seat in C/S (3.7 m diam), Ta lined,
with stiffeners for PWHT
tantalum in significant percentages.
The tungsten and molybdenum have the
greatest capacity to hardening of the
matrix; zirconium, titanium and hafnium
increases the strength of the crystalline
matrix due to the precipitation of carbides
dispersed micro, oxides and nitrides
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A cladding with pure Ta of a carbon steel A lining in Ta of a part of the pipe flange
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Consequences of hydrogen embrittlement

Collapse of the inner lining in Ta effect- Conditions of depression
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Welding of Ta during the manufacture of a heat exchanger through the glove box
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Weldability of titanium alloys

With appropriate procedures for titanium
alloys can be considered weldable with good
results
Otherwise, the ductility of the joint and its
resistance to corrosion may be compromised
Cleaning and secondary protection and
upside should be treated at the maximum
(use of clean rooms, rooms aggregates)
The material must be completely protected
from the atmosphere until at least T of 400
C
The Ti reacts instantly with water vapor,
grease, oil and many metals forming
compounds fragile
Its reactivity with gas flows and makes it
inapplicable processes such as SMAW,
FCAW, SAW
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Weldability of titanium alloys

The procedures vary with the
operating conditions (clean room,
on the field, in inert chamber)
In any case, the environment
must be clean: in production
necessary to provide appropriate
spaces (clean rooms), not
exposed to pollutants machining,
controlled humidity
The processes most commonly
used are TIG and MIG
The other processes (PAW, LBW,
EBW, RW, FW) have niche
applications
IIS Progress
Grades of weldability
Often, considering the Tipo di lega Grado di saldabilit
Titanio puro
different parameters that
Gradi 1 - 4, 7 A
influence the weldability Leghe
(ductility, sensitivity to Ti-5Al-2.5Sn B
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI A
interstitial precipitation of
Leghe super-
brittle phases, for example) Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V A
is associated with the types Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo A
Ti-6Al-4Zr-2Mo-2Sn B
of alloy degree of weldability, Leghe -
qualitative Ti-6Al-4V B
Ti-6Al-4V-ELI A
These ratings are purely Ti-7Al-4Mo C
indicative Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn C
Ti-8Mn D
Leghe
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al B
A - ottima saldabilit
B - discreta saldabilit
C - saldabilit limitata a casi particolari
D - saldatura sconsigliata
Gradi di saldabilit di leghe di Ti (esempi)

IIS Progress
Weldability of Ti CP
Modest tensile properties, good
ductility and toughness at Tamb,
heat resistance very low
Contamination of Fe (> 0.05%)
preferential corrosive attack in the
presence of nitric acid solution
Joints vulnerable due to the
residual phase stabilized by Fe,
which gives rise to galvanic cells
with the contiguous phase
Filler materials with low Fe content
and avoid use of steel wire brushes
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Weldability of alloys
Good weldability due to their high
ductility
Work-hardened alloys: the
mechanical strength of the
welded joint is below that of the
base material for the effect of
annealing that the welding gives
the HAZ
Do not heat treatable, are
normally welded in the annealed
condition, without the risk of
softening in the HAZ,
consumables counterparts
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Weldability of - alloys
Greater influence from the
contamination of atmospheric
gases for the alloys with Rp0, 2
higher due to the low ductility of the
crystalline structure obtained by the
thermal cycles of welding and the
high strength even at high-T
medium.
Low ductility of the joints for the
phase transformation in the ZF and Gearbox in Ti6Al4V, courtesy Team Lotus
HAZ: can be welded with pure Ti or

alloys to produce a ZF low phase
, increasing the ductility.
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Weldability of - alloys
The alloy Ti-6Al-4V has the best
weldability
can be welded in the annealed
condition which is solubilized and
partially aged. The aging is then
completed after welding with the
relaxing treatment.
The alloys to higher levels of GMAW welded joint, thickness 20
elements stabilizers have weldability mm, Ti gr. 5
limited as they tend to give rise to

cracks in conditions of high constraint
(Ti-4Mo 7AL-and Ti-6Al-2SN)
Preheating at temperatures around
150 C for the joints more bound (eg,
welds in work)
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Weldability of alloys
Alloy is weldable in the annealed and solubilized-aged condition : Ti-13V-
11Cr-3Al, Ti-3Al-8V-8Mo-2Fe and Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn.
The melted area hardly reaches the mechanical strength of MB
The welded joints are equipped with discrete ductility but not optimal
tensile characteristics to the state "as welded" and are often used in this
condition.
The aging process can be performed if the joints have to be exposed to
high temperatures during operation.
To get the best efficiency of the joint, these alloys should be welded in the
annealed condition
completed joint are made of thermomechanical treatments (cold deformation
followed by aging in the temperature range 450 480 C) allowing to reach
in ZF of tensile characteristics equal to those of the base material.
Following this treatment, however, the ductility and toughness of the joints
remain generally low
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Weldability of dissimilar joints

it is possible, in general, weld
titanium alloys of different degree,
but belonging to the same family
The CP Titanium alloys can be
welded with and some of the
family - : in this case the filler
material to be used is pure
titanium
A case rather characteristic of
welding that involves
heterogeneous Ti and its alloys is
the restoration of plating in the Un immagine al microscopio
elettronico dellinterfaccia tra Ti CP
manufacture of devices, made ed acciaio al carbonio, in un
with sheets of carbon steel, placcato ad esplosione
plated to explosion
IIS Progress
Compatibility with other metals

The welding of Ti and its alloys
with different metals or alloys is
however difficult, often
impossible, except in the case of
zirconium.
This often leads to brittle
intermetallic titanium with many
metals (iron, nickel) which would
render the joints extremely fragile,
with enormous risks of cracking in
welding and reduced ductility
The only joining technologies
can therefore be those in the
solid state (for explosion,
friction)
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Weldability: restores plating
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Weldability: restores plating
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The protection from atmospheric contamination

For temperatures above 400 C it is essential to protect
against the contamination of atmospheric gases: O, N and H
Are used atmosphere of inert gases (Ar, He) or welding in
vacuum environment
Welding in a confined space (chamber welding) is the inert
gas atmosphere, a slight pressure than the outside of a
locked room.
Washing with an inert gas environment by flowing a volume
of gas equal to at least 10 times the volume of the same
environment.
In the context of quality control, the fundamental role of
visual as indirect verification of the degree of contamination
The examination of color should be made on the as-welded seams to
the state, without brushing
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In the case of the processes used in electric
arc in the atmosphere, the gas protection is
carried out is divided into three levels:
primary, secondary, and the reverse
The gas used is normally Ar, with control of
T dew
Ar is preferable to the greater arc stability
mixtures Ar - He are used for higher
productivity and penetration (higher arc
voltages)
The primary protection (bathroom, ZTA) is
entrusted to the torch, size 3/4 "or 1", with
water cooling and gas lens
We use flow rates around 20 cfh, avoiding
turbulence, with small working distances
Strongly advised to run a preliminary test to
verify the quality of protection
IIS Progress

The secondary protection is
often entrusted to the trailing
shields, with the aim to avoid
contamination
The trailing shields (or gases
trailers) are generally custom
made, having to adapt to the
torch
A good solution is bronze, with
appropriate levels of porosity
In some cases, even the gas
trailers are water cooled
Even for secondary protection
should be avoided turbulence of
the gas
IIS Progress

To protect the reverse (backing shield)
using hand-held devices or attached to
the coupling
Alternatively, welding on fixed bases,
copper cooled example, shaped in a
suitable way
A range of about 10 cfh per linear foot of
joint is sufficient
In field applications, the protection to the
reverse is obtained by ad hoc devices
(plastic, for example)
fundamental
activities of pre and post gas
separate control of the flow
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Chemical preparation of the surfaces

As mentioned above, any type of surface
contamination must be removed
The filler materials, in their turn, are stored in
packs protected but may require cleaning with
solvents or acidic solutions
The cleaning of the joint must extend to
approximately 1 "per side
Freshly machined surfaces can be cleaned with
normal detergents non-chlorinated, with washing in
hot water and drying in air
Alternatively, you can use solvents such as
acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, with subsequent
brushing with stainless steel (or Ti)
Are not permitted abrasive paper or metal scouring
pads because of the risk of contamination
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Chemical preparation of the surfaces

A thin layer of oxide (typical stay at about 300 to 400 C)
can be removed by simple brushing with a stainless steel in good condition
(preferably Ti, in critical cases)
Alternatively, you can perform a pickling in a solution of hydrofluoric acid and
nitric acid in water (2 3% HF and 30 40% HNO3), for times between 1 'and
15', at room T
The subsequent cleaning can be carried out with washing in cold water (control
on residues chlorinated) to remove the acid and then in hot water or acetone to
facilitate drying
Oxide layers more consistent (typical stay at T> 600 C) must be removed
by sanding or machining followed by pickling.
Once cleaned, the components to be welded should be handled as little as
possible, joints protected with sheets of paper or plastic or brushed with a
stainless steel brush and rinsed with acetone.
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Choice of the filler material

In principle, choosing a consumable of
the same composition as the base
material
There are several cases of reversals of
type surface or the entire thickness
(repairs)
To compensate for a certain level of
contamination can be chosen a lower
grade
Alloys such as Ti 6Al4V are sometimes
welded with the corresponding ELI able
to compensate for the possible loss of
ductility (in the case of cryogenic
applications)
And 'necessary to carefully avoid the
oxidation of the end of the wand
In the case, the ends must be removed
carefully
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Filler material (AWS A5.16)
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Parameters and welding technique

In principle, it is appropriate to adopt the
minimum heat input compatible with the
operating conditions
The process typically begins with the
pre-purge of torch, gas trailer and back
shielding
The arc ignition by direct contact is
always advisable
Similarly, the control of the arc extinction
is suggested (downslope)
As anticipated, the post-gas must be
guaranteed to avoid contamination in
excess of about 400 C (the colors are
still indicative)
IIS Progress
Parameters and welding technique

Preheating is not adopted, less than joints particularly restrained or in
the presence of moisture
the purpose, we adopt a weakly oxidizing flame, with T of about 150 C
The arc length is approximately equal to the diameter of the electrode,
with values higher (1.5 times) in the presence of filler
The wand must be powered continuously, not intermittently techniques
(avoid turbulence)
As you avoid the contamination of the end, it is appropriate to cut about
1/2 "from the end
It is not normally necessary interpass cleaning, in the case of bright
silver beads:
contamination indicated by the colors yellow or blue can be removed by
brushing
more severe contamination (dark blue, gray or whitish) must be removed for
grinding
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GTAW process
Usable in any position (even applications
orbital)
With the TIG welding normally without filler
material up to 1/8 "thick
The generator is a typical TIG welding
machine, typically used in DCSP
Current control pedal, HF ignition and timer
for programming the gas protection are
equally common
Torches by 3/4 ", preferably water cooled,
are used, with electrodes to 2% of Th, with
the tip of about 60 (blunt end)
In order to minimize heat input, you should
use the smallest possible diameter of the
electrode
IIS Progress
GTAW process
The gaseous protection must be
guaranteed even in the cooling step
up to about 400 C (with a dew point
not higher than a predetermined
value)
In recent times, techniques have
been adopted to greater productivity
The first example concerns the so-
called hot wire TIG
the second, Key Hole TIG (also called
high pro TIG)
the third, the FA TIG process
IIS Progress
Key Hole TIG
Macrographs of keyhole GTA weld (right) and

conventional GTAW weld (left) in 13 mm thick ASTM
B265 Grade 2-95a (CP titanium) plate.
The conventional GTAW weld was made using
matching filler material, a double-V edge
preparation and 6 welding passes
IIS Progress
Effect of interstitial elements

Ductility and toughness in ZF lower
than the base material for the effect of
contamination by interstitial (better
welding under vacuum).
Interstitial elements O2, C, N2, H2
(atmosphere, shielding gas, traces of
lubricants, solvent impurities): fragility,
porosity, cracks.
O2, C, N2 -stabilizers: reduce the
stability phase , increase T -transus
and modify the response of the
contaminated area to heat treatments
H2 -stabilizer: alpha precipitates at
grain boundaries
The alloys - are less sensitive to the
action of H2 because the phase may
maintain in solution a high% H2
IIS Progress
Effect of interstitial elements
IIS Progress
Colour chart
IIS Progress
Hardness test
It is used as an indirect measure of
oxygen and nitrogen contamination of
the weld
Since they are interstitial elements,
enter into solution and increase the
mechanical strength
Are easily obtained on pure titanium,
increases in hardness in the welded
area greater than 10 HB30
Are considered acceptable increments
up to 20-25 HB30, the ductility of the
weld remains still for hardness
increases up to about 40 HB30.
IIS Progress

05a - Weldability of Ti, ZR and Ta Alloys (2013)

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05a - Weldability of Ti, ZR and Ta Alloys (2013)

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Weldability of metals

Weldability of Titanium and

Data ultimo aggiornamento: gioved 27 giugno 2013

Pure titanium: chemical - physical characteristics

Pure titanium: chemical - physical characteristics

(at 20 C) of 8.4 m / m C (steel

Pure titanium: chemical - physical characteristics

Food and pharmaceutical industry

Metallurgy of pure titanium

From pure titanium to titanium alloys

Other elements such as Sn and Zr are used primarily to increase the

From pure titanium to titanium alloys

From pure titanium to titanium alloys

Titanium alloys equilibrium diagram

Ti grades accorgin to standard ASTM

Commercially pure titanium (CP)

Rp0, 2 grows with the% of impurities, especially iron and oxygen

Alfa and superalfa alloys

Alfa and superalfa alloys

Alfa beta alloys

Alfa beta alloys

Alfa beta alloys

metastable phase at room temperature:

Aging between 350 and 550 C: increase Lega Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn-3Cr

Supply states: annealing

Supply states : solubilization and aging

Heating in the range towards the higher values: it forms a high

Quenching in water to obtain a supersaturated phase: phase can be

Increase in the tensile properties of the alloys - 30 - 50% higher than

Supply states : solubilization and aging

Parametri per il trattamento di

Zirconium, zirconium alloys

Zirconium, zirconium alloys

for anti-corrosion applications.

Zirconium, zirconium alloys

Zirconium, zirconium alloys

Zircaloy-2 R60802 Rem. 0,010 - 1.20-1.70 0.16 0.0025 0,0080 0,027 -

Zr-2.5Nb R60904 Rem. 0,005 - - 0.16 0,0010 0,0065 0,027 2.40-2.80

Tantalum, tantalum alloys

Tantalum, tantalum alloys

processes of powder metallurgy (sintering),

Tantalum, tantalum alloys

Tantalum, tantalum alloys

Tantalum, tantalum alloys

Tantalum, tantalum alloys

Consequences of hydrogen embrittlement

Tantalum, tantalum alloys

Weldability of titanium alloys

Weldability of titanium alloys

Gradi di saldabilit di leghe di Ti (esempi)

HAZ: can be welded with pure Ti or

limited as they tend to give rise to

Weldability of dissimilar joints

Compatibility with other metals

Weldability: restores plating

Weldability: restores plating

The protection from atmospheric contamination

The protection from atmospheric contamination

The protection from atmospheric contamination

The protection from atmospheric contamination

The protection from atmospheric contamination

The protection from atmospheric contamination

Chemical preparation of the surfaces