ON LOAD TAPCHANGER

Taps are provided on the High Voltage

Windings

Transformers in the Transmission system

is provided with On Load Tap Changers
(OLTC)
 ON LOAD TAPCHANGER
OLTC facilitates changing of Tap
connections with out interruption of Supply.
Taps are provided at the neutral end of the
Three phase Star connected HV windings.
For Three phase Delta connected HV
windings taps are provided at the line ends.
Taps are connected at the line end of the
single phase auto Transformer banks.
ON Load Tap
Changer
OLTC, DS & TS
assembly
OLTC
 ON LOAD TAPCHANGER ( OLTC)

The OLTC consists of Diverter switch ,Tap

Selector ,Driving Mechanism.
1)Diverter Switch :- Consists of Two Insulation
Cylinders, Contact Compartment,Transition
Resistors.
Movement from ODD to EVEN or EVEN to ODD.
Operating Time - 150 milli Seconds.
Operating Force - Charged Spring
 The diverter switch and the tap selector form a single unit.
Principle of operation
The tap lead wires from the winding of the transformer are
terminatedat the fixed contacts of the tap selector.
Tap change operation requires 2 rotary switches per phase.
The odd numbered tappings are connected to one switch and
even numbered tappings to other and the 2 switches come into
use alternately.
ON LOAD TAPCHANGER ( OLTC)
Diverter Switch :-
Arcing takes place during operation .
A separate compartment having an oil capacity
120 200L
The Lower Fitting Frame of the D S is
connected to the Neutral or Line Terminal of
the Transformer .
Each set of stationary contacts is mounted on
separate segments of insulation cylinder for
easy maintenance .
The tips of arcing contacts are made of Copper-
Tungsten alloy .
 YB2- Contact Compartment with
Diverter Switch Transition Resistor.
Outer Cylinder
Diverter Switch :-
Oil in the D S is maintained in a separate
conservator tank with Buchholtz Relay .
An Explosion Diaphragm is attached to the top of
the mechanism case .
An oil filled Breather , oil level gauge ,stop valve
and drain valve are provided on the conservator.
For filling and draining oil from the D S
chamber ,valves are provided on the Mechanism
Case ..
Tap Selector
Tap Selector :-
The tap lead wires from the tap winding of the
Transformer are brought and terminated at
the fixed contacts of the tap selector .
There are Two Set of Rotary Switches for Tap
Selector .
The ODD Numbered Tappings are connected
to one Switch .
 Tap Selector :-

The EVEN Numbered Tappings are connected

to another Switch
The two Switches come into use alternatively.
The tap selector operates under No Load
Condition .
 The Fixed contacts are
mounted vertically on
insulation cylinders or
insulation bars.
The moving contacts are
Clip type under spring
A gear mechanism is
provided for the operation
of T S and it is connected
to the operating shaft
T S with Change Over Selector
Sequence Diagram of Tap changing operation
 Maintenance of O L T C
Sl NO Particulars Remarks
1 Mechanical Life 8 Lakhs oper.
2 Switching life of Contact 2 Lakhs

3 Counter Reading Daily

4 Oil Level Daily
5 D.S. Diaphragm Monthly
6 Space Heater in D.M Monthly

7 B.D.V. of D. S Oil Half yearly/5000

8 Breather Quarterly

9 Gaskets,Bevel Gear,D.M. Oil Yearly

10 Buchholtz Relay, Control Yearly

Ckt .
11 D.S. Contact Inspection 5 years,(50000 )
(2mm)
12 Tap Selector Inspection 10 Years
 Case Study

Overhauling of OLTC of a 10 MVA 110/ 11 KV

Transformer

What are the steps to be taken before starting the

work ?.

1) Prepare a schedule and obtain sanction from EE.

2) Study the Drawing and Instruction Manual and

discuss with the Maintenance Team.
 Case Study
3) Arrange sufficient quantity of filtered
oil and Pumping arrangement..
4) Arrange necessary tools and
materials , Spares.
5) Arrange Tarpaulin for covering.
6) Atmospheric condition should be dry.
 Maintenance of Power Transformers

The Life of a Power transformer is 35

Years.
The Factors affecting the Life of a
Transformer is :-
i) Moisture.
ii) Oxidation of oil and dielectric
 Maintenance of Power Transformers

Iii) Solid impurities, Varnish etc.

Iv) Repeated movements.- Slackness of
windings.
Iv) Temperature- Over loading ,
Cooler Blocks etc.
 Loading and Life of Transformer
Paper insulation deteriorates rapidly if its
Temperature rises above 90 0 C.
HOT SPOT :-
The maximum temperature reaches at any part of
the winding under given load conditions and
ambient.
.
Loading and Life of Transformer
Ageing of Insulation:-
When insulating materials heated under oil for
long periods its mechanical strength will
reduce.
Small amount of moisture and oxygen will
accelerate the loss of tensile strength.
Between 80 0 C and 140 0 C the rate of loss of
life due to ageing of Transformer insulation is
doubled for every 6 0 C rise in Temperature
 8
6 0 Law of
7
Insulation Ageing.
6
5
4
Rate of 3
insulation
ageing 2
NORMAL 1

80 86 92 98 104 110 116

Winding Hot Spot Temperature. 0 C

Maximum Hot Spot Temperature = 98 0 C.

Normal LIFE= 35 Years
Performance Under Short Circuit.

The effect of Short Circuit Currents are:-

1) Thermal

2)Mechanical Forces.
Performance Under Short Circuit

1)Thermal :-
As per IS- 2026, The duration of Short
Circuit Current shall be 2 Seconds for Two
Winding Transformers.

Thermal ability can be calculated from the

cross sectional area of Winding
Performance Under Short Circuit
2)Mechanical Forces :-
When a transformer is subjected to Short
Circuit Severe Mechanical Forces are
produced due to the interaction of Fault
Current and the magnetic leakage Flux
density vector.
Performance Under Short Circuit
a) Radial Forces :-
Mutual repulsion between HV and LV
windings.
Crush LV winding.
Burst HV out ward.
Bending , Buckling inner Winding.
 Inner Winding

Outer Winding

Direction of
forces
RADIAL FORCES

Bending of inner Winding Buckling of inner winding

 Performance Under Short Circuit
b) Axial Forces :-
The forces tend to bend the conductors in the axial
direction and its sum total acts on the coil
clamping ring.

Failure of
Inner Outer Disc
Winding Winding. Winding.
 GASES GENERATED BY DECOMPOSITION
OF OIL & INSULATION

Hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
Acetylene
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
 TEMPERATURE - GASES IVOLVED

Methane >120C
Ethane >120C
Ethylene >150C
Acetylene >700C
 Oil Temperature in 0 C

I.R. Value in Meg Ohms

0
C
M

TIME in Hours

Dry- out Curve for Power Transformer.

 Maintenance Management
The following documents are to be prepared by
the Maintenance Engineers for effective
maintenance .
1) Equipment Register with the specification of
all Equipments, its Auxiliaries and Accessories.
2) Allocate Code numbers.
3) List of Spares and its Location.
 Maintenance Management

4) List of Drawings.
5) Register of Drawing.
6) Manufacturers Instruction Manual.
7) Prepare the Maintenance Schedule for each
Equipment with reference to Manufacturers
Instruction Manual, Indian Standard Specification.
8) Prepare a Maintenance Plan..
9) Prepare Bar chart before starting any Major Work.
10)Maintain a Maintenance Register.
 Maintenance Plan for 220 KV
Substation for 2005-06
Sl Name of April M J J A S O N D J F M
No Equipment

1 Tfr. No. I
2 Tfr. No.II
3 C.B. No. I
4 C.B.No.II
5 Feeder I
6 Feeder II
7 11 KV
 Erection Schedule for 105 MVA, 400/220 KV Transformer
Sl Activity Febru March
No ary
22 23 4 5 6 7 -- 12 13

1 Transportation
2 Unloading
3 Oil Filtering
4 Erection Work
5 Hot Oil Circulation
6 Testing
7 Commissioning