Chapter: One

Lateral loads

Wind and Earthquake load

Prepared by: Kibru. T

Static loading: Exert constant load
Dynamic loading: Exert vary load
Earthquake Loads

A common dynamic loading that structures must

resist is that associated with earthquake motions.
Here, loads are not applied to the structure in the
normal fashion. Instead, the base of the structure is
subjected to a sudden movement.
The upper portion of the structure resists motion
because of its inertia, a deformation is induced in the
structure. This deformation, in turn, induces a
horizontal vibration that causes horizontal
shear forces throughout the structure.
Contd

The static analysis procedure provides:

The total lateral force, defined as the Design Base
Shear
The Base Shear is then distributed over height of the
building.
Contd

The computation of lateral loads due to EQ and load

distribution to various levels of a building frame as of
EBCS-8, 1995 (Ethiopian Building Code Standards
part 8- Design of structures for Earthquake
Resistance) is presented below.
Contd

W = Seismic dead load

= Total permanent load plus 25% of the floor
variable (live) load for storage and warehouse
occupancies.
= Total permanent load only for other occupancies.
The Base Shear has to be distributed over the height
of the building
Contd
Contd
Contd

Examples of seismic zones of some towns

of Ethiopia are shown in the following table.

Zone 4 3 2 1 0

Towns Hawassa, Assela, Addis Ambo, Assossa,

Mekele, Dila Ababa, Axum, Bair-
Nazerth, Dira Dawa Jijiga, dar,Gondo
Asita Jima r
Example

A twenty storey RC framed building has plan

dimensions 15 m X 30 m. Height of the
building is 70 m. Estimate its fundamental
period of vibration.
solution

The fundamental period of vibration

T1 = C1 H3/4
C1 = 0.075; H = 70 m
T1 = C1 H3/4
= 0.075 (70) 3/4
= 1.82 sec.
Assignment-1

A three storeyed building has an elevation shown in

figure and is located in Hawassa. Determine the lateral
forces and storey shears on an inner frame due to
earthquake using the following data.
Bay width = 6 m center to center
Frame spacing = 5 m center to center
Height of ground floor = 4 m
Height of other floors = 3.5 m
Floor thickness including Finishes = 15 cm
Outer columns = 25 cm x 30 cm 2 numbers
Inner columns = 25 cm x 40 cm 3 numbers
Girder below floor slab = 25 cm x 40 cm
Live load = 3 kN/m2
There is no wall in this frame. Consider that the
second floor is utilized fully for storage purposes.

At any floor, half of the weight of walls and columns

below it and half of that above it are lumped at this
level along with the weight of the floor and girder.
Wind loads

The wind loads that act on a structure result from

movement of the air against the obstructing surfaces.
Wind effects induce forces, vibrations, and in some
cases instabilities in the overall structure as well as
its non-structural components.
Contd

These wind effects depend on:

Wind speed
Mass density of the air
Location and geometry of the structure
Vibrational characteristics of the system.
Contd

The design wind pressure that is used to establish

the wind load on a structure is directly related to
velocity pressure (q) and is given by:
q = 1 pv2
2
Where p is the mass density of air, and v is the wind
velocity
Types of wind pressure according to EBSC-1, 1995
Contd

Where q ref is the reference wind pressure

ce(ze) and ce(zi) are the external and internal
exposure coefficients
cpe and cpi are the external and internal pressure
coefficients.
Reference Wind Pressure: The reference wind
pressure is given by:
qref = 1pvref
2
Contd

Where p is air density and vref is the reference wind

velocity.
The air density is a function of altitude and depends
on the temperature and pressure to be expected in
the region during storms.
A temperature of 20C has been selected as
appropriate for Ethiopia and the variation of mean
atmospheric pressure with altitude is given in table
below
Table : Values of air Density, p

Site 0 500 1000 1500 2000

altitude(m
)above sea
level

Air 1.2 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.94

density, p
kg/m3
Contd

Reference Wind Velocity: The reference wind

velocity is taken as 22m/s.
Exposure Coefficient: takes into the account the
effects of terrain, topography, and elevation.
Pressure Coefficient: The external pressure
coefficients cpe for buildings and individual parts of
building depend on the size of the loaded area A.