POLYMER PRESENTATION

ech 4401

REVIEW ON POLYMER FOR THERMOELECTRIC

APPLICATIONS

NAME : MUHAMAD KHAIRUL NAZRIN BIN SAHLAN 175784

NAME : MOHD AZMAN BIN SUWANDI 174824
NAME : MUHAMAD HAZIQ BIN MUHAMMAD HATTA 174818

LECTURER : DR MOHD HALIM SHAH BIN ISMAIL

 INTRODUCTION

What is
thermoelectric?
The direct conversion oftemperaturedifferences to
electricvoltageand vice versa.
Creates voltage when there is a different temperature on each side
Temperaturedifference creates anelectric potentialor an electric
potential creates a temperature difference

Thermoelectric

Peltier effect Thomson effect

Seebeck effect
The presence of
heating or cooling at The heating or
Produce electricity cooling of a current-
an electrified junction
of two different from a temp. carrying conductor
conductors difference with a temperature
(convert current to (convert temp. to gradient
temperature) current)
 SINGLE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG)

Some information on
TEG
Convert Electricit
Heat
y (V)

The material used must have BOTH high electrical

conductivity and low thermal conductivity for TEG
material. (When one side is hot, the other side
stays cool)
Common
material use
for TEG

Silicon
Bismuth Lead
Germaniu
Telluride Telluride
m
 CONTINUED

Confused
already?? Cant imagine??

Application of
Thermoelectric
p and n doped
must arrange in
electrically
series and
thermally in
parallel
Electrons flow
from hot to cold
P= Deficit of
electron
N= Excessive of
electron
 EQUATION

Maximum
Maximum in terms of
thermoelectric Figure of merit
Carnot efficiency
efficiency of TEG

ZT = figure of merit
= amount of heat = Seebeck
enter into the device = Coefficient
= power generated by = irreversible contribution = electrical
the heat losses ZT = figure of merit conductivity
k = Thermal
Conductivity

Irreversible contribution
vs figure of merit graph

As ZT increase, y will be increasing too

 THERMOELECTRIC MATERIAL

Aspect to Choose
Better Thermoelectric
Performance
High Power
Low in thermal
Factor (PF)
conductivity (to
maintain the PF =
temp. difference = Seebeck
producing Coefficient
Seebeck Coef.

Thermoelect
ric Material

Seebeck
Coefficient and
High in Figure of
electrical
Merit (ZT) value
conductivity
must be high
 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER

Do you know that there is a

polymer can conduct electricity
Effect of the Doping Level on the Thermoelectric
Properties of Conductive Polymers
 The thermoelectric performance is
strongly dependent on the material
doping level.
due to inherent changes on the electrical
conductivity and Seebeck coefficient.
The electrical conductivity increases
as the doping level increases while
the Seebeck coefficient decreases.
 Doping

Introduces impurities into an extremely pure

intrinsic semiconductor.
- Conductive property
- Insulator property

P type N type
Deficiency of Having
electrons or excess of
in excess of electron.
hole. Negatively
Positively charge
charge. Addition of
Addition of Phosphorus.
Boron.
 Chemica
l Doping
and de-
doping

Co-
polymers
Electrochemi
and
Polymer
Methods cal Doping

Blends to control
the doping
level in
conductive
polymers

Effect of pH Second
on the
Thermoelec ary
tric Doping
 CHEMICAL DOPING
The oxidative chemical polymerization is
the most usual method to synthesize
conductive polymers
reaction between the monomer and an oxidative salt
that has the role of a dopant

agent.
polymers synthesized by this
method are p-type
semiconductors
The positive charges generated
are neutralized by the dopant
agent.
As the positive charges along
the polymer backbone increase,
the doping level increases.
ELECTROCHEMICAL DOPING
Suitable method for the preparation of conductive polymers
PPy, PEDOT and PANI
The polymer doping level can be easily controlled by using
an electrochemical cell.
The electrochemical de-doping/doping process is carried
out in a three electrode cell with an electrolyte solution.
 SECONDARY DOPING
This doping is related to the polymer chain conformation.
The polymer conformation may play an important role in its
physical properties, in particular in the conductivity
The electrical conductivity of a random coil is
lower than that of an extended coil/linear
conformation.
PEDOT:PSS, addition of organic solvents such
as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)or ethylene
glycol (EG) would improve the electrical
conductivity by several orders of magnitude.

(a) Coil conformation;

(b) Extended coil conformation;
(c) Linear conformation
 EFFECT OF PH ON THE
THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES
PEDOT:PSS

The most employed conductive

applications is PEDOT:PSS,
polymer in electronic

solubility in water.
The pH of a PEDOT:PSS/water solution affects the
thermoelectric properties.
The addition of NaOH produces the neutralization of the PSS
anions as shown in the reaction:

PSS-H+ + Na+OH- H2O + Na+PSS-

As the pH increases, the PSS doping concentration is

reduced, the electrical conductivity decreases and the
Seebeck coefficient increases. Tsai et al.
 CONT

PEDOT:PSS

5 wt%
DMSO

1.15 pH 13.42 pH

Tsai et al. reported values of the electrical conductivity and

Seebeck coefficient for a 5 wt% DMSO PEDOT:PSS solution
in different pH values.
The electrical conductivity changes from 900 to 250 S.cm -1
Seebeck coefficient from 10 to 27 V.K-1.
The maximum value of PF = 19:6 W.m-1.K-2 (pH of 1.8).
 Co-polymers and Polymer
Blends
Molecular engineering of the polymer chains could be the
key to improve the thermoelectric efficiency of polymers in
the near future
The co-polymerization is a strong tool to incorporate
molecular segments of different nature in a polymer chain.
This method allows to synthesize co-polymers with better
thermoelectric efficiency than the corresponding homo-
polymers
the mechanical and chemical properties can be tailored
ANCING THERMOELECTRIC PROPERT
Power factor (maximum
Thermal Figure of
Conductivity Seebeck Coefficient thermoelectric
Conductivity Merit (ZT)
efficiency)

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THERMOELECTRIC PARAMETERS OF THE MOST RELEVANT CONDUCTING
POLYMERS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Power
factor
(maximu
Thermal m
Conductivi Seebeck Figure of
Conductivi thermoele
ty Coefficient Merit
ty ctirc
efficiency

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THERMOELECTRIC PARAMETERS OF THE MOST RELEVANT CONDUCTING
POLYMERS COMPOSITES
WITH CARBON MATERIALS AT ROOM TEMPERATUREPower
factor
(maximu
Thermal m
Conductivi Seebeck Figure of
Conductivi thermoele
ty Coefficient Merit
ty ctirc
efficiency

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THERMOELECTRIC PARAMETERS OF THE MOST RELEVANT CONDUCTING
POLYMERS COMPOSITES
WITH INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Power
factor
(maximu
Seebeck Thermal m Figure of
Conductivi
Coefficient Conductivi thermoele Merit
ty
ty ctirc
efficiency

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 THEORETICAL MODEL OF
T H E R M O L E C T R I C T R A N S P O RT I N
P O LY M E R S
VRH - model describing low-
temperature conduction

Phenomenological models To study the electrical transport in

polymers based on the existence of variable-range hopping (VRH)
between polymer chains

Where,
= Disorder parameter
= carrier F = Electrical field
concentration D = dimensionality of the
= mobility system density of electronic
at Fermi level
= localized length

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