ERT 209

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Sem 2/ 2010-2011
Prepared by;
Miss Mismisuraya Meor Ahmad
School of Bioprocess Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis

17 February 2011
 Forced
Convection
 Outlines
To examine the methods of calculating convection heat
transfer (particularly, the ways of predicting the value of
convection heat transfer coefficient, h)

Convection heat transfer requires an energy balance

along with an analysis of the fluid dynamics of the
problem concern. So that. The discussion will
consider;

simple relations of fluid dynamics Important for basic

understanding of
Boundary layer analysis convection heat
transfer
The region of flow that develops from the leading edge of the plate in which
the effects of viscosity boundary layer (The y position where the
boundary layer ends and the velocity become 0.99 of the free-stream value)

Initially the boundary layer development is laminar but at some

critical distance from the leading edge (depending on the flow field & fluid
properties), small disturbance in the flow begin to become amplified, and
a transition process takes place until the flow become turbulent.

occurs when where

Flat
plate

For transition between

laminar & turbulence

Tube Laminar flow

Turbulence flow

For transition between

laminar & turbulence

d = Tube diameter
 Re. no. (Tube)
Other Form:

Define the mass velocity as

So that, mass flow rate

The Reynolds no. may also written

 Classification of Fluid Flows
Inviscid Flow
Although no real fluid is inviscid, in some instance the fluid may be
treated as such, and useful to present some of the equation that apply in
these circumstances (the flow at a sufficiently large distance from the
plate will behave as a nonviscous flow system).

or Fundamentally a Dynamic Equation

(The Bernoulli equation)
Where,
To solve convection heat transfer
coefficient, h we have to:

1)Identify the type of fluid involve

to get the fluid properties
2)State the process
 1) Type of Fluid
# Specify the equation of state of fluid to calculate pressure drop in compressible flow.

An ideal gas

Where: e = Internal Energy

i = Entalpy

Gas

Where:

Air
 2) State the Process
Example: Reversible Adiabatic Flow through a nozzle

The relation involved which is relating the

properties at some points in the flow to the
Mach no. & stagnation properties
Where:

a: Local velocity of sound

For an ideal gas: For air behaving as an ideal gas:
 Example 5.1: Water flow in a diffuser
Water at 20 C flows at 8 kg/s through the
diffuser arrangement shown in Figure, the
diameter at section 1 is 3.0 cm and the diameter
at section 2 is 7.0 cm. Determine the increase in
static pressure between sections 1 and 2.
Assume frictionless flow.
 Example 5.2: Isentropic Expansion of
Air

Air at 300 C and 0.7 Mpa pressure is

expanded isentropically from a tank
until the velocity is 300 m/s.
Determine the static temp., pressure
and Mach number of the air at the
high-velocity condition. = 1.4 for
air.
Laminar Boundary Layer on
Flat Plate
From the analytical analysis by making a force and momentum balance on the
element yield the momentum equation for the laminar boundary layer with
constant properties.

Can be solved for many

boundary conditions.

For development in this chapter, we

shall satisfied with an approximate
analysis that furnishes an easier
solution without a loss in physical
understanding of process involved.
 Laminar Boundary Layer on
Flat
Consider the boundary layer flow Plate
system as shown:

The free-stream velocity outside the boundary

layer is u and the boundary layer thickness is .
We wish to make a momentum-and-force balance
on the control volume bounded by the plane 1, 2,
A-A and the solid wall.

The boundary layer thickness,

Mass flow rate Where:

So that
Example 5.3: Mass Flow & Boundary-Layer
Thickness
Air at 27 C and 1 atm flows over a flat
plate at a speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the
boundary-layer thickness at distances of
20 cm and 40 cm from the leading edge
of the plate. Calculate the mass flow that
enters the boundary layer between x=20
cm and x= 40 cm. The viscosity of air at
27 C is 1.85 x 10-5 kg/ m . s. Assume unit
depth in the z direction.
 The Thermal Boundary layer
Exist when temperature gradient are present in the flow.

If the fluid properties were constant throughout the flow , an appreciable

variation between the wall and free stream condition which is film temp. Tf define as:

Used Tf to get the fluid properties

from properties fluids table
 The Thermal Boundary layer
Consider the system shown

Tw: The temp. of the wall

T : The temp. of the fluid outside the thermal boundary layer
: Thickness of the thermal boundary layer

Basic: convection/conduction

hx: Heat transfer coefficient in term of the

distance from the leading edge of the plate
Case 1
For the plate heated
0.6 < Pr < 50
over its entire length

Rex Pr > 100

Used the average heat transfer coefficient

The Thermal Boundary layer

Case 2
For the plate heated
starts at

or

Where:
 The Thermal Boundary layer
Constant Heat Flux
To find the distribution of the plate surface temp.

and

So that

From these equation, can

be produce equation
 The energy Equation of the boundary layer
(heat flow, q) & the thermal boundary layer
(heat flux, qw)
To determine heat flow, q and heat flux, q w
From energy equation of the From energy equation of the
boundary layer thermal boundary layer
Heat flow, q
Determine: There is an appreciable variation between wall & free
stream condition, so that, it is recommended that the
1) Film temp. properties be evaluated at film temp.

2) The properties of fluid at Tf such as kinematic viscosity, thermal conduction

coefficient, heat capacity, Prandtle no.

3) Rex at x=xL

4) Nusselt No. 0.6 < Pr < 50

Then
Rex Pr > 100
Heat flow, q
5) Heat transfer coefficient, h

6) The average heat transfer coefficient,

7) Heat Flow,

Heat flux, qw
 Example 5.4: Isothermal Flat Plate
Heated Over Entire Length
Air at 27 C and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a
speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the boundary-layer
thickness at distances of 20 cm and 40 cm from the
leading edge of the plate. Calculate the mass flow
that enters the boundary layer between x=20 cm
and x= 40 cm. The viscosity of air at 27 C is 1.85
x 10-5 kg/ m . s. Assume unit depth in the z direction
and the plate is heated over its entire length to a
temp. of 60 C. Calculate the heat transferred in
(a)The first 20 cm of the plate and
(b)The first 40 cm of the plate.
 Example 5.5: Flat Plate with Constant
Heat Flux
A 1.0 KW heater is constructed of a glass
plate with an electrically conducting film that
produces a constant heat flux. The plate is
60 cm by 60 cm and placed in an airstream
at 27 C, 1 atm with u = 5 m/s. Calculate
(a)The average temp. different along the plate
and
(b)The temperature difference at the trailing
edge.
 Example 5.6: Plate with Unheated
Starting Length
A 1.0 KW heater is constructed of a glass
plate with an electrically conducting film that
produces a constant heat flux. The plate is
60 cm by 60 cm and placed in an airstream
at 27 C, 1 atm with u = 5 m/s. Calculate
(a)The average temp. different along the plate
and
(b)The temperature difference at the trailing
edge.
Example 5.7: Oil Flow Over Heated Flat
Plate
Engine oil at 20 C is forced over a 20-
cm-square plate at a velocity of 1.2 m/s.
The plate is heated to a uniform temp. of
60 C. Calculate the heat lost by the
plate.
 The relation between fluid
friction & heat transfer
The shear stress at the wall be
expressed in term of a friction
coefficient, Cf

The relation between fluid friction

and heat transfer for Laminar flow
on a flat plate

This is important relation between

Where:
friction & heat transfer is the drag force
(D) which is depends on the average
shear stress. The average of shear
stress is a friction coeffiecient Cfx

Drag Force, D = (shear stress) (Area)

Example 5.8: Drag Force on a Flat Plate

Air at 27 C and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a

speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the boundary-layer
thickness at distances of 20 cm and 40 cm from
the leading edge of the plate. Calculate the mass
flow that enters the boundary layer between x=20
cm and x= 40 cm. The viscosity of air at 27 C is
1.85 x 10-5 kg/ m . s. Assume unit depth in the z
direction and the plate is heated over its entire
length to a temp. of 60 C. Compute the drag
forced exerted on the first 40 cm of the plate using
the analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer
 Turbulent-boundary-layer heat
transfer (q)
1) Determine either the flow is turbulent
region or not. Check based on Re. no.

Turbulent Region

2) Heat transfer (q) from the plate is:

Where:
 Turbulent-boundary-layer
thickness ( )
The boundary layer thickness measured when 500000>Re<10000000

The boundary layer is fully turbulent

from the ledge of the plate

The boundary layer follows a laminar

growth pattern up to Rcrit= 5 x 105 and
turbulent growth thereafter
 Assignment 5
(submit: 22 Feb 2011 before 1400)

Book: J.P. Holman

1)5-15
2)5-17
3)5-26
4)5-29
5)5-40
 Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
Consider the tube flow system

Aim to calculate the heat transfer under

developed flow condition (Laminar Flow)

Consider the fluid element

derive to get the velocity
and temp. distribution
 Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
From the analysis, the analytical solution give;

The velocity at the center of the tube

The velocity distribution

The temperature distribution

Total heat transfer in term of bulk- temperature different

The total energy added (energy balance)

The heat added, dq can be expressed in term of a bulk temp. different or h;

The total heat transfer

Note: When the statement is made that a fluid enters a

tube used the Bulk Temp. to determine fluid properties
 The Bulk Temperature
In tube flow, convection heat transfer coefficient, h defined by:
Where,
Tw : The wall temp.
Tb : Bulk temp.
Why used Tb?

For most tube flow heat transfer problem, the topic is the total
energy transferred to the fluid .
At any x position, the temp. that is indicative of the total energy of the flow
is an integrated mass energy average temp. over the entire flow area.
The bulk temp. is representative of the total energy of the flow
at the particular location
 The Bulk Temperature
From the analysis, the analytical solution give;

The bulk temp

The wall temp

Heat transfer coefficient

Heat transfer coefficient in term of the Nusselt No.

 Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
The relation to used to calculate heat transfer in laminar tube flow
(The empirical relation)
Fully developed laminar flow in tubes
at constant wall temp.
# used for long & smooth tube

Fully developed laminar flow in tubes

at constant wall temp.
# used for short & smooth tube
# the fluid properties are evaluated at
mean bulk temp. of the fluid.

Used if
Where: Peclet number (Pe)
 Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
For rough tubes (relation fluid friction and heat transfer),
expressed in term of the Stanton Number:

Where;
 Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
To calculated local and average Nusselt No. for laminar
entrance regions for the case of a fully developed
velocity profile used Graph with inverse Graetz
number
Local & average Nusselt No. for circular tube thermal
entrance regions in fully developed laminar flow
 Turbulent Flow in a Tube
Velocity profile for turbulent flow in a tube

To determine heat transfer analytically should know the temp.

distribution in the flow

# to obtain temp. distribution, the analysis must take into consideration

the effect of the turbulent eddies in the transfer of heat and
momentum)
 Turbulent Flow in a Tube
From the analysis, the analytical solution give;
Relates the heat transfer rate to
the friction loss in tube flow
Where,

Heat transfer coefficient in term of the Nusselt No.

Pr 1.0
or Relation for turbulent heat
transfer in smooth tube

# from this analytical

solution, shows that h
higher than those
observed in experiment
Pr 2/3
 Turbulent Flow in a Tube
Correct relation to used to calculate heat transfer in turbulent tube
flow (The empirical relation) is:

If wide temp. different are present in the flow also change in the fluid properties
between the wall of the tube & the central flow used

Note: All the empirical relation here apply

to fully developed turbulent flow in
tubes
 Turbulent Flow in a Tube
More accurate although more complicated, the expression for fully
developed turbulent flow in smooth tube is;

or

All the properties using in this equation based on Tf

 Turbulent Flow in a Tube
For the entrance region (The flow is not
developed), used:
Example 6.1: Turbulent Heat Transfer in a
Tube
Air at 2 atm and 200 C is heated as it flows
through a tube with a diameter on 1 in (2.54
cm) at a velocity of 10 m/s.
a)Calculated the heat transfer per unit length of
tube if a constant-heat-flux condition is
maintained at the wall and the wall temp. is 20
C above the air temp., all along the length of
the tube.
b)How much would the bulk temp. increase over
a 3m length of the tube?
Example 6.2: Heating of Water in Laminar
Tube Flow

Water at 60 C enters a tube of 1-in (2.54

cm) diameter at a mean flow velocity of 2
cm/s. Calculate the exit water temp. if the
tube is 3.0 m long and the wall temp. is
constant at 80 C.
 Example 6.3: Heating of Air in Laminar
Tube Flow for Constant Heat Flux
Air at 1 atm and 27 C enters a 5.0 mm
diameter smooth tube with a velocity of 3.0
m/s. The length of the tube is 10 cm. A
constant heat flux is imposed on the tube
wall.
a)Calculate the heat transfer if the exit bulk
temp. is 77 C
b)Calculate the exit wall temp. and the value
of h at exit
 Example 6.4: Heating of Air with
Isothermal Tube Wall
Air at 1 atm and 27 C enters a 5.0 mm
diameter smooth tube with a velocity of 3.0
m/s. The length of the tube is 10 cm. A
constant wall temp. is imposed on the tube
wall.
a)Calculate the heat transfer if the exit bulk
temp. is 77 C
b)Calculate the exit wall temp. and the value
of h at exit
Example 6.5: Heat Transfer in a Rough
Tube
A 2.0 cm diameter tube having a
relative roughness of 0.001 is
maintained at a constant wall temp. of
90 C. Water enters the tube at 40 C
and leaves at 60 C. if the entering
velocity is 3 m/s, calculate the length of
tube necessary to accomplish the
heating.
 Liquid Metal Heat Transfer
# Liquid metal High heat transfer rate because of the higher
thermal conductivities of liquid metal.
# used in heat exchanger so can compact design the HE.

The relation for calculation of h in fully developed turbulent flow of

liquid metal in smooth tubes with uniform heat flux at the wall:

All properties at the bulk temp.

The relation for calculation heat transfer to liquid metal in tubes with
constant wall temp.:
 Liquid Metal Heat Transfer
The relation for calculation of h in fully developed turbulent flow of
liquid metal in smooth tubes with constant heat flux condition:

for:
 Assignment 6
(submit: 01 March 2011)

Book: J.P. Holman

1)6-2
2)6-3
3)6-9
4)6-13
5)6-31