WOOD

WOOD
The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches
of trees beneath the bark; that lignified water conducting, strengthening and storage
tissues of branches, stem and roots of a tree.

Cross Sectional Parts of a Tree Trunk

1. Bark
The external covering of a woody stem, branch or root, composed
of a living inner layer called phloem and an outer bark of corky,
dead tissue.
2. Cambium
A thin layer of reproductive tissue between the phloem and
xylem, which produces new phloem on the outside and new
xylem on the inside of stems, branches and roots.
3. Phloem
A layer of tissue that carries food from the leaves to the growing
parts of a tree. Also called inner bark.
4. Xylem
The woody tissue of tree that provides support and conducts
water and mineral nutrients upward from the roots.
5. Sapwood
The younger, softer, living portion of wood between the cambium
and heartwood, comparable in strength to heartwood but usually
lighter in color, more permeable and less durable. Also called
Alburnum.
WOOD

Cross Sectional Parts of a Tree Trunk.(Continuation)

6. Heartwood
The older, harder, inactive core of a tree, usually dark, denser, and more
durable than the surrounding sapwood. Also called Duramen.
7. Medullary Rays
The ribbons of tissue extending radially from the pith; may vary from
microscopic to 4 inches (100 mm) or more; used to store and transport food
horizontally within the tree. Also called Pith Rays.
8. Annual Ring
A concentric layers of wood produced during a single years growth of a
temperate tree. Also called Growth Ring.
9. Pith
The soft central core about which first growth takes place in a newly formed
stem.
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Other wood-related terms
1. Lignin
An organic substance that, with cellulose,
forms the woody cell walls of plants and
cementing material between them.
2. Sap
The vital fluid of water, nitrogen and
mineral nutrients that circulates through a
plant.
3. Cellulose
An inert carbohydrate that is chief
constituent of the cell walls of plants and
of dried woods, jute, hemp and cotton,
used in the manufacture of wide variety
of synthetic building materials.
4. Fiber
One of the slender, thick-walled cells
which together serve to strengthen plant
tissue.
5. Pore
One of the relatively large vertical cells
for conducting sap, esp. in hardwood
trees
6. Vessel
A tubular structure of woody tissue for
conducting water and mineral nutrients,
formed by the fusion and loss of end walls
in a series of connected cells.
7. Ray
One of the vertical bands of bands of
transverse cells that radiates between pit
and bark for the storage and horizontal
conduction of nutrients.
8. Tracheid
One of the elongated, supporting, and
conducive cells in woody tissue, having
tapering closed ends and lignified walls
oriented parallel to the axis of a stem or
branch.
9. Pitch
The resinous sap that exudes from
various conifers.
10. Resins
A viscous, clear to transparent, organic
substance exude by certain pines, used in
making varnishes, adhesives and plastics.
WOOD
Some Common Properties of Wood

1. Strong material
2. Durable
3. Lightweight
4. Ease of Fastening or assembling
5. Has natural beauty
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Classification of Wood

1. Hardwood
The wood from the broad-leaved flowering tree such as apitong,
narra, tanguile, yacal, etc.
2. Softwood
The wood from a conifer. The term is not descriptive of the
actual softness of the wood.

Mode of Growth
1. Exogenous
These are outward growing trees, preferred for lumbering.

2. Endogenous
These are inside growing trees, have soft core and is less
preferred for lumbering.

Structure of Wood
1. Sapwood
2. Heartwood
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Wood Grain
The direction, size, arrangement and appearance of fibers in a piece of wood.

1. Straight Grain
These is characterized by grains running along one side of wood.
2. Cross Grain
Wood grain having the cells and fibers running transversely or diagonally to the length of a
piece as a result of a growth characteristic.
3. Diagonal Grain
Wood grain having the annual rings at an angle to the length of a piece, resulting from
sawing at an angle to the axis of a log.
4. Edge Grain
Wood grain resulting from quarter sawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of 45
Degrees or more with the broad faces of a piece. Also called Vertical Grain.
5. Flat Grain
Wood grain resulting from plain sawing, having annual rings forming an angle less than 45
Degrees with the broad faces of a piece.
6. End Grain
Wood grain resulting from from a cut across the grain.
7. Mixed Grain
Any combination of edge-grained and flat grained lumber.
8. Closed Grain
Wood grain characterized by narrow, inconspicuous annual rings with little difference in pore
size
9. Coarse Grain
Wood grain characterized by wide, conspicuous annual rings with considerable contrast in
pore size.
WOOD
Wood Defects

1. Decay
The decomposition of wood by fungi and other micro-
organism, resulting in softening, loss of strength and weight,
and often a change in texture and color.
2. Dry Rot
A decay in seasoned timber caused by fungi that consume the
cellulose leaving a soft, brittle skeleton readily reduced to
powder.
3. Check
A lengthwise separation of wood across the annual rings,
caused by uneven or rapid shrinkage during the seasoning
process.
4. Shake
A separation along the grain of a wood piece, usually between
the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree while standing
or during felling.
5. Pitch Pocket
A well defined opening between the annual rings of a
softwood, containing or having once contained solid or liquid
pitch.
6. Split
A Check that extends completely through a board or veneer.
Also called Through check.
WOOD
Wood Defects

7. Knot
The base of a woody branch enclosed by a subsequent growth in wood in
the stem from which it rises.
7.a Sound Knot
A knot that is solid across its face, at least as hard as the
surrounding wood and undecayed.
7.b Live Knot
A knot having annual rings intergrown with those of the surrounding
wood.
7.c Tight Knot
A knot held firmly in place growth or position.
7.d Dead Knot
A knot having annual rings not intergrown with those of the
surrounding wood. Encasement may be partial or complete, but a dead
knot is considered a defect since it can easily loosen or be knocked out.
Also called Encased Knot, Loose Knot.
WOOD
Wood Defects

8. Warp
Any deviation from a plane or true surface of a board or panel, usually caused by
uneven drying during the seasoning process or by the change in moisture content.
9. Cup
A curvature across the width or face of a wood piece, measured at the point of
greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end of a piece.
10. Bow
A curvature along the length of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest
deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece.
11. Crook
A curvature along the edge of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest
deviation form a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece.
12. Twist
A warp resulting from the turning of the edges of a wood piece in opposite directions.
13. Wane
The presence of bark or absence of wood at a corner or along an edge of a piece.
14. Skip
An area on the surface of a board or panel missed by a planning machine.
15. Machine Burn
A surface charring caused by overheating of the cutting blades or abrasive belts
during shaping or finishing of a material.
WOOD
Lumber

Lumber
The term applied to wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards,
planks, sticks, etc. for commercial purposes.
Rough Lumber
Lumber that is sawn, edged and trimmed, but not surfaced.
Dressed Lumber
Lumber that is surfaced with a planning machine to attain a
smooth surface and uniform size.
Surfaced Green
Of or pertaining to a dressed lumber having a moisture content
exceeding 19% at the time of manufacture.
Surfaced Dry
Of or pertaining to a dressed lumber having a moisture content of
19% or less at the time of manufacture.
Nominal Dimension
The dimension of lumber before drying and surfacing, used for
convenience in defining size and computing quantity. Nominal sizes
are always written without inch marks. Also called nominal size.
WOOD
Lumber

Dressed Size
The dimension of lumber after seasoning and surfacing, from 3/8 to
in. (9.5 mm to 19.1 mm) less than the nominal dimension. A
dressed size is always written with inch marks. Also called Dressed
Dimension.
S1S Surfaced on one side.
S2S Surfaced on two sides.
S4S Surfaced on four sides.
S1E Surfaced on one edge.
S2E Surfaced on two edges.
S1S1E Surfaced on one side and one edge.
Grade
The classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in
accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading
agency.
Yard Lumber
Softwood lumber intended for general building purposes, including
boards, dimension lumbers and timbers.
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Classification of Yard Lumber

1. Board
Yard lumber less than 2 in. (51mm)-thick and 2 in. or more wide.
2. Dimension Lumber
Yard lumber from 2 in. to 4 in. (51mm to 102mm) thick and 2 in. or
more wide.
2.1 Light Framing
Dimension lumber 2 in. to 4 in. (51 to 102mm) thick and 2 in. to 4 in.
wide, intended for use where high strength values are not required.
2.2 Decking
Dimension lumber 2 in. to 4 in. (51 to 102mm) thick and 4 in. or more
wide graded primarily to bending strength when loaded on the wide
face.
2.3 Joists and Planks
Structural lumber of rectangular cross section, from 2 in. to 4 in.
(51mm to 102 mm) thick and more than 4 in. (102mm wide), graded
primarily with respect to bending strength when loaded either on the
narrow face as a joist or on the wide face as a plank.
3. Timber
Yard lumber 5 in. (127mm) or more in the least dimension.
WOOD
Lumber

Beams and Stringers

Structural lumber of rectangular cross section at least 5 in.
(127 mm) thick and a width more than 2 in. (51 mm)
greater than the thickness, graded primarily with respect
to bending strength when loaded on narrow face.
Posts and Timbers
Structural lumber of square cross section, 5 in. x 5 in. or
larger and width not more than the thickness, graded
primarily for use as columns carrying an axial load.
Slab
A kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the annual
rings of wood running the full length of the log.
Plank
A wide piece of lumber from 2 in. (51 mm) to 5 in. (127
mm) thick.
Flitch
A thick piece of lumber.
WOOD
Seasoning The process of removing moisture from wood; also known
as conditioning or curing.

Methods of Seasoning Lumber Creosote

1. Natural Method
1.1 Air Drying (AD)
1.2 Sun Drying (SD)
2. Artificial Method
2.1 Kiln Drying (KD)
2.2 Forced Air or Pressure
Drying (PD)
2.3 Vapor Drying (VD)
2.4 Radio Frequency Dielectric
Drying
An oily liquid of aromatic hydrate
obtained by the distillation of
solution, used as wood preservative
Treated Wood
Wood treated with an approved
preservative under the treating and
quality control requirements in
preparation of all timber products
prior to preservative treatment by
pressure process.

Methods of Treating Lumber

1. Tanalizing
2. Permanizing
3. Wolmanizing
4. Bolidine Salt
WOOD

Methods of Log Sawing

1. Plain or Bastard Sawing
2. Quarter or Rift Sawing
2.1 Radial Method
2.2 Tangential Method
2.3 Quarter Tangential Method
2.4 Combined Radial and Tangential Method
Other Methods of Cutting and Slicing Relative to Building
Board Manufacturer
Rotary Cutting
The rotating of a log against the cutting edge of a knife in a lathe,
producing a continuous veneer with a bold, variegared ripple figure.
Flat Slicing
The longitudinal slicing of a half log parallel to a line through its
center, producing a veneer having a variegated wavy figure. Also
called Plain Sawing.
Quarter Slicing
The longitudinal slicing of a quarter log perpendicular to the annual
rings, producing a series of straight or varied stripes in the veneer.
Half Round Slicing
The slicing of a flitch mounted off-center in the lathe, slightly across
the annual rings, producing characteristics of both rotary cutting
and flat slicing.
Rift Cutting
The slicing of a log perpendicular to the conspicuous, radiating rays
so as to minimize their appearance.
WOOD
Measurement of Lumber

Board Measure
Lumber measurement in boardfeet
Boardfoot
A unit of quantity for lumber equal to the volume of a piece whose
nominal dimensions are 12 in. (305 mm) square and 1 in. (25.4 mm)
thick.

Boardfoot Calculation
Regular Lumber
Boardfeet (Bdft.) = thickness (in.) x width (in.) x length (in.)
12
Log
Boardfeet (Bdft.) = [d 4 ]2 l
16
where: d least diameter (in.)
l length (feet)
WOOD
Categories of Philippine Timber

1. First Group (High Strength Group) 3. Third Group (Medium Strength

Agoho Group)
Liusin Apitong Nato
Malabayabas Bagtikan Palosapis
Manggachapui Dangkalan Pine
Molave GisauSalakin Salakin
Narig Lanutan-bagyo
Sasalit Lauan
Yakal Malaanonang
2. Second Group (Moderately High Malasaging
Strength) Malugay
Antipolo Lomarao Miau
Binggas Mahogany Vidal lanutan
Bokbok Makaasim 4. Fourth Group (Moderately Low
Dao Malakauayan Strength Group)
Gatasan Narra Almaciga
Guijo Pahutan Bayok
Kamagong Lingo-lingo
Kamatog Manggasinero
Katmon Raintree
Kato Yemane
WOOD
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species

1. Furniture
Ebano, Kamagong, Balongita, Tindalo, Narra, Alintatao, Camuning
2. Ordinary Furniture and Cabinets
Lanete, Narra Blanca, Lanutan, Antipolo, Tanguile, Apitong
3. Naval Construction (Keels, Stern, Posts)
Yacal, Betis, Dungon, Ipil
4. Timber and Mast
Guijo
5. Outside Construction, Beams
Banaba
6. Beams and Mast
Guijo
7. Keels and Sleepers
Batitihan
8. Waterways and Decks
Manggachapui
9. Superstructure
Amugis, Mariveles
10. Boat Construction
Tanguile, Lauan, Balao, Mayapis
WOOD
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species

11. House Construction

Posts: Yacal, Ipil, Molave, Guijo, Dungon
Girders: Yacal, Ipil, Guijo, Molave
Joists: Yacal, Guijo, Tanguile, Ipil, Supa
Girt: Yacal, Guijo, Tanguile
Rafters: Guijo, Tanguile, Apitong, Yacal, Banaba, Ipil Dungon
Purlins: Guijo, Tanguile, Apitong, Banaba,
Window Sills, Heads and Mullions:
Yacal, Molave, Ipil, Dungon, Tanguile
Door Jambs: Yacal, Molave, Ipil Dungon, Tanguile (for interior only)
Veneer
A thin sheet of wood rotary cut, sliced or sawn from a log or flitch and used as a
superior facing to inferior wood or bonded together to form plywood.
Crossband
A layer of veneer immediately adjacent to and right angles to the face plies in a
plywood panel.
Core
The center of a plywood panel, consisting of veneers, sawn lumber or composition
board.
Banding
The solid wood stock extending around the sides of a vneered panel, concealing the
core and facilitating the shaping of the panel edges.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
1. Plywood
A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together Plywood Sizes and Thickness
under heat and pressure, usually at right angles to each other.
Sizes Thickness
Types of Plywood 3 ft. x 6 ft. 6 mm (1/4 in.)
1.1 Ordinary Plywood
1.2 Marine Plywood 4 ft. x 8 ft. 9 mm (3/8 in.)

1.3 Form Plywood 3 ft. x 7 ft. 12 mm (1/2 in.)

1.4 Fancy Plywood
4 ft. x 6 ft. 15 mm (5/8 in.)
1.5 Pre-finished Plywood Paneling (Danarra)
4 ft. x 7 ft. 18 mm (3/4 in.)
Common Types of Glue in Lamination
4 ft. x 9 ft. 25 mm (1 in.)
1. Casien Glue
Used in dry location but not exposed directly to rain or water. 4 ft. x 10 ft.
2. Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Glue 5 ft. x 8 ft.
Requires high temperature for curing; water resistant 5 ft. x 9 ft.
3. Resorcinol-Phenol Formaldehyde
5 ft. x 10 ft.
Expensive but have qualities necessary for durability and
water resistance.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards

2. Hardboard Types of Hardboard

A very dense, felted, homogeneous panel made from
lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and 1. Plain 7. Lace
pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 490 2. Morocco Leather 8. Perforated or
kg/ m3. Display Board
Grades of Hardboard
2.1 Standard Hardboard 3. Driftwood 9. Fine Weave
A type of hardboard that is flexible and quite easily 4. Sawali 10. Stucco
bent, light brown with thickness of 1/8, , 3/16 and
5/16, 4 felt wide and lengths of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 5. Grooved Board 11. Diamond Board
feet. 6. Louver Board
2.2 Tempered Hardboard
Made by impregnated standard board with tempering
compounds of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize Sizes and Thickness
the tempering material. Sizes Thickness
2.3 Low Density Hardboard
4 ft. x 8 ft. in.
Has low density and used for lightweight application.
4 ft. x 4 ft. 5/16 in.
3. Particleboard 2 ft. x 4 ft. 3/8 in.
A non-veneered wood panel product made by bonding
small wood particles under heat and pressure. in.
5/8 in.
in.
1 1/6 in.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
4. Chipboard
A class of building board made from wood and particles in a binder and often
faced with veneer; made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde
glue; available in 4 ft. wide board and lengths ranging from 8 to 16 feet with
thickness of , 5/16, 3/8, , 5/8 and .
5. Waferboard
A non-veneered panel product composed of large, thin wood flakes bonded
under heat and pressure with a waterproof adhesive.
6. Composite Panel
A wood panel product consisting of two face veneers bonded to a
reconstituted wood core.
7. Fiberboard
A building material made of wood or other plant fibers compressed with a
binder into rigid sheets.
8. Oriented Strandboard
A non-veneered wood panel commonly used for sheathing and as sub-
flooring, made by bonding three or five layers of long, thin wood strands
under heat and pressure using waterproof adhesive.
9. Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
A structural lumber product made by bonding long, narrow wood strands
together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive; used as
beams and columns in post and beam construction.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
10. Wallboard
A rigid sheet composed of wood pulp, gypsum or other materials; may be
fastened to the building to provide an interior surface finish; the long
edges of the board usually tapered to provide easy treatment of joints
when board is erected.
11. Gypsum Board
A wallboard having a gypsum core.
Types of Gypsum Boards
11.1 Gypsum Wallboard
A fireproofed sheathing used for interior wall and ceiling applications;
characterized by a core of gypsum covered on each side by heavy
specially made kraft paper. This material is also used for partitions that do
not require framing.
11.2 Gypsum Lath
Gypsum board with a gypsum core and heavy paper on both sides; used
as base for plaster thus, providing adhesion to plaster.
11.3 Gypsum Pre-cast Roof Decking
Pre-cast gypsum containing various types of fibers for additional strength;
made in either the square plank (from 4 to 6 feet) or edged plank (10
feet long).
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
12. Laminated Veneer Lumber
A structural lumber product made by bonding layers of wood veneers
together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive; used as
a beam or plank.
13. Tempered Board
A hardboard impregnated with a drying oil or other oxidizing resin and
baked to improve its hardness and moisture resistance.
14. Peg Board/Perforated Board
Trademark for a brand of tempered hardboard having regularly spaced
perforations into which hooks may be inserted for the storage or display
of articles.
15. Wood Wool Cement Board
A non-structural material in low cost housing constructions which may be
used for heat insulation and sound absorption but not as a fire-retardant
material.
16. Strawboard
A hardboard made of compressed wheat straw and processed at 350
degrees to 400 degrees fahrienheit and covered with a tough kraft paper.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
Grades of Strawboards
16.1 Structural Board
Manufactured in 2 in. thick, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 ft. long; used as non
load bearing partitions, as plaster base, for insulating purposes, exterior
sheathing, roof decking and as inner form face for concrete basement
wall forms.
16.2 Insulation Grade
2 in. thick, 4 ft. wide and 5 ft. long; used primarily for roof deck
insulation.
17. Structural Glued-Laminated Timber (Glulam)
Any member comprising an assembly of laminations of lumber in which
the grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally, in
which the laminations are bonded with adhesives.
Glued Built-up Members
These are structural members, the sections of which are composed
of built-up lumber, plywood or plywood in combination with
lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesives.
Structural Glued Laminated Timber
Any member comprising an assembly of laminations of lumber in
which the grain of all laminations are approximately parallel
longitudinally, in which the laminations are bonded with adhesive.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
18. Fiberboard
A fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers
(usually wood or cane) and having a density of less than 490 kg/m3 but
not more than 159 kg/m3.
18.1 Insulating Fiberboard
Components used for the manufacture of this type of board are wood,
sugar cane, asbestos, and binder.
Grades of Fiberboard
1. Insulating Grade
Used as an insulating, decorative panels, decorative ceiling tile, V-
notch plaster base and roof insulation with standard thickness ranging
from , 5/8, , and 1 inch.
2. Sheathing Grade
Has both surfaces and all edges coated with asphalt and other fibers
impregnated with asphalt during manufacture.
19. Asbestos Cement Board
A dense, rigid board containing a high percentage of fibers bonded with
Portland cement; characterized by its high resistance to fire, flame and
weathering but has low resistance to heat flow. It is used as a building
material in flat sheet form or corrugated form. Flat boards are made in
1/8, , 3/8 and thick, 4 ft. wide and from 6 to 12 ft. long.
20. Corkboard
Made from cork granules and mixed with synthetic resin, compressed
and formed into sheets with thickness ranging from 1 to 6 in. and baked
under pressure into rigid boards.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
Building Paper
Paper used in building construction particularly for sheathing, roofing and
insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and corrugated building
products, concrete form materials, moisture and vapor barrier, cushion
material, wall paper, envelope or sheath for other building materials and
as fireproofing material.
Types of Building Paper
1. Sheathing Paper
Paper used to provide airtight barrier over walls, floors, ceilings, etc.
Types of Sheathing Paper
1.1 Plain Paper
A low cost paper made from semi-chemical pulp and waste paper or
a tough paper made from kraft paper.
1.2 Asphalt Impregnated or Coated Felt or Kraft Paper
Made from asphalt of varying quantities with densities ranging from
4 to 10 lbs per square foot.
2. Roofing Paper
2.1 Roofing Felt
Used in making a built-up roof; manufactured in 36 in. wide rolls
and weights from 3 to 20 lbs. per square foot.
2.2 Rolled Roofing
A heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering, made
18 and 36 wide, in various weights from 45 to 120 lbs. per square
foot.
WOOD
Wood-related Products and Other Building Boards
3. Insulating Paper
3.1 Wood Fiber Insulating Paper
Made from groundwood or bagasse with some wastepaper pulp
added. Usually gray in color and produced in 36 in. wide rolls,
weighing about 9 lbs. per square foot. This is used for insulating
walls, ceiling and floors.
3.2 Asbestos Fibers
A soft, pliable paper used for insulating pipes for carrying steams,
boilers and other vessels with high temperatures. It is produced in
various weights usually from 5 to 10 lbs. per square foot. A heavier
asbestos felt paper is produced for use as a built-up roofing
material. This is saturated with asphalt and produced in 36 in. wide
rolls weighing approximately 15 lbs. per square foot.
4. Vapor Barrier Paper
This material is intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor
through walls, ceilings and floors.
4.1 Wax Paper
4.2 Laminated Paper
4.3 Kraft Paper
5. Concrete Form Paper
5.1 Spiral Tube Concrete
Form made from kraft paper.
5.2 Boxlike Form
Made from corrugated container paper.