Tariffs and Load

Curves
(Module-2)
Presenter:
Harshit Srivastava
Aditya Srivastava
Sparsh Gupta
 Objectives
Definitions of commonly used terms in tariffs and

load curves.

Different load and load duration curves.

Significance of curves.

Different types of consumers, tariff and its types.

What is Variable Load ?
The load on a power station variesfrom time

to time due to uncertaindemands of the

consumers and isknown as variable load on
the station.

A steady loadon the station is never realised

in actual practice.
Effects of Variable Load
Need of additional equipments:

Thereare much equipment to adjust the rates of

supply of raw materials in accordance with the power
demand made on the plant.
Increase in production cost:

An alternator operates at maximum efficiency near its

ratedcapacity. The use of a number of generating units
increases the initial cost per kW of theplant capacity
and area required.
Definitions
Connected Load

It is the sum total of the ratings of the various

electrical equipment installed in a consumers
premises.

Maximum Demand

The maximum load which a consumer uses at

any time.
Daily Load Curve

It is the curve showing the load demand of a consumer

against time, on a daily basis.

Demand Factor

Demand factor of a consumer is the ratio of its maximum

demand to the connected load.

The demand factor is usually 0.5 to 0.8, i.e. (<1).

The maximum demand factor is equal to unity.

Average load

The average of loads occurring onthe power

station in a given period (day or month or year)
isknown as average load or average demand.
Load factor
The ratio of average load to the maximum
demand during a given period isknown as load
factor.

It is always less than unity.

Helps in determining the overall costper unit
generated. Higher the load factor of the power
station, lesser will be the cost per unitgenerated.
Diversity Factor

It is the ratio of sum of individual maximum demand

to the simultaneous maximum demand of the
consumers.

It is always greater than unity.

The greater the diversity factor, the lesser is the cost

of generation ofpower.
Its reciprocal is known as Coincidence Factor.
Plant Capacity Factor
It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the
maximum possibleenergy that could have
been produced during a given period.

It is an indication of the reserve capacity of the

plant.
Plant Use Factor

It is the ratio of actual energy produced to

the product of plant capacity and time (hours)
of the plant operation.
Load Curve
Load on a station always changes and thus the generation.

A load curve is a chart used by engineers and power producers to show how
much electricity customers utilize during a given period of time. When looking at
the graph, time usually is placed on the horizontal axis, and load is placed on the
vertical axis.

Load curve is called daily load curve if the grapgh is of whole day and if of one
,then it is called monthly load curve and so on.

The daily load curve for a station is not same for all days. It differs from day-to-
day and time-to-time.
Two types of load curves one is winter and other is
summer which are used to calculate the base annual load curve.
Load Duration Curve
A load duration curve (LDC) is used in electric power
generation to illustrate the relationship between generating
capacity requirements and capacity utilization. A LDC is
similar to a load curve but the demand data is ordered in
descending order of magnitude, rather than chronologically.
Energy Load Curve
Energy load curve is obtained by plotting
energy curve which can be derived from load
duration curve.

It plots the cumulative integration of area

under load curve starting at zero load at
particular load. It is also called integrated
duration curve.

If energy and demand are plotted in terms of

percentage , it is called peak percentage
Tariffs
The main objective in framing a tariff are:
The consumer must readily understand the tariffs.
The tariff must be equitable as amongst the other
consumers.
The tariff should be such so as to encourage
consumers to improve the power factor.
The tariff should also be such so as to encourage
the consumers to improve the load factor or to
transfer their demand from peak to off-peak
hours.
Tariffs could be modified from time to time.
Types Of Consumers
Domestic consumers use electricity for
domestic/household purposes.
Agricultural consumers use electricity for
agricultural purposes such as irrigation, thrashing
etc.
Industrial consumers use electricity for industrial
production such as heavy industries,
manufacturing companies etc.
Commercial consumers use electricity for
commercial purposes such as municipalities,
hospitals etc.
The general form of tariff is

a kWh (or hp) + b kW + c

where a, b, c are constants.

Different types of tariffs are discussed below:

Flat rate tariff: In this rate, b and c are zero. The

electricity charge is direct multiplication of energy
consumption and the constant a. It is simple to
understand and is independent of the contracted
maximum demand.

Two-part tariff: The total charge under this kind of

tariff is split into two components: a fixed charge
based on the maximum demand (irrespective of
energy consumption) and variable charge on the
basis of actual energy consumption.
 charge on the basis of actual energy consumption.
Constant c is zero.
Total charges = Rs (a*kWh + b*kW)
The disadvantage of this tariff scheme is that
consumer has to pay even if his consumption is nil.

Block rate tariff:

When a given block of energy is charged at a
specified rate and the succeeding blocks of energy
are charged at progressively reduced rates, it is
known as block rate tariff.
Maximum demand tariff:
The charges are calculated based on the maximum
demand only. The constants a & c are zero. This
type of tariff is mostly applied to the bulk
consumers.

Power factor tariff:

These tariffs are devised to differentiate between
good power factor users and poor power factor
users.
Their is some extra charge if the power factor is
worsening from the set value. Also, in this scheme,
an incentive is given to those consumers who
improve upon the power factor.
 What All We Learnt
Variable Load and its effects
Important terms related to tariffs and load
curves like maximum demand, load factor,
diversity factor, demand factor, etc.
Load duration curve, energy load curve and
their significance
Definition of tariff, different types of
consumers and types of tariffs
QUESTIONS!
THANK YOU!