Grid integration issues of renewable

energy sources and solutions

Presented by:

K. Sindhu priya
1601-16-766-003
CONTENTS:
Introduction

Features of electric grid

Grid integration with renewable energy sources

Challenges in distribution system and transmission system

How much variable renewables can power system handle

Cost of interconnections

Possible Solutions

Advantages

Conclusion

References
Introduction
The electricity grid is a complex and incredibly important system, and one of the
most impressive engineering field of the modern era. It transmits power generated
at a variety of facilities and distributes it to end users, often over long distances.

Apart form conventional sources, electricity is being generated by non

conventional sources of energy.

Renewable energy is a practical, affordable solution to our electricity needs,

these are increasing widely mainly because of
Declining fossil fuels
Environmental concerns
Business Opportunities
Energy independence

Renewable generation especially from wind and solar has increased

substantially during past few years and forms a significance proportion of the
total generation in the grid.
Features of Electric grid:
The traditional electrical grids are generally used to carry power from a few
central generators to a large number of users or customers.

Electricity demand is varying.

Generators must be scheduled to match the variations throughout the year.

Grids are designed to supply voltages at largely constant amplitudes and at

same frequency.
One of the main difficulties in power systems is that Balancing the grid.

If more power would be produced than consumed the frequency would rise and
vice versa. Even small deviations from the nominal frequency value would damage
synchronous machines and other appliances.
Grid Integration with RE
As renewable energy sources are available in abundant and may replace
conventional sources, so integration is necessary.
The interconnected and complex nature of the electricity grid delivers several
benefits

Increased technological advancements

Economics of renewables

Flexibility

Reliability

Economic competition
Features:
Allow bidirectional flow of energy

To establish intelligent grid and demand management mechanisms

To improve grid interconnection

To introduce technologies and procedures

To introduce energy storage capacity

Challenges in distribution systems
Some of the problems are:

Change in standard load curve.

Intermittency of generation.

Reverse power flow

Voltage rise

Reactive power

Power Quality concerns

Distribution system stability

 Challenges in Transmission systems:
Voltage stability

Rotor angle stability

Frequency stability
 Other concerns:
Lack of flexibility

Location specific

Efficient grid operation

Security and risk

Scarcity of technical skilled labours

Power factor

Harmonics

Unintentional islanding
How much variable renewable energy can
power systems handle:
Technically : NO LIMIT

Economically: LIMITED

The point at which additional

variable renewable energy is
no longer economically
desirable.
Cost of interconnection:
The cost of renewable integration into the power grid can be categorised mainly
into
i) grid infrastructure and
ii) system operation costs

Grid infrastructure costs include grid connection and grid upgrading costs.

System operation costs can be divided into system profile costs and short-term
system balancing costs.
 SOLUTIONS:
1) Safety considerations:
Incorporate an islanding function

Install a lockable switch at an easily accessible

position-manually isolate Renewable energy power
systems from grid.

Update circuit diagram regularly and display at

appropriate locations.

Establish a direct communication channel between

owner and utility.
2) Power Quality
Design Renewable energy power systems with three phase inverter or three
identical single phase inverter to supply current which is balanced over the three
phases to the gird.

Install
I) Install inverter with power conditioning feature to control THD.

II) Isolation transformer on the output side of the inverter to avoid injection of
DC

III) Fast responding frequency and voltage regulator.

3) Equipment protection
Carry out assessments on the new fault levels due to connection of
Renewable energy power systems.

Incorporate following features

i) Auto switching and auto reclosing

ii) Protection facilities against transient abnormalities in the grid.

iii) Stable and fast responding voltage and frequency regulators.

iv) Protection facilities to avoid unsynchrnonized connections

v) Automatic reconnection facility after the fault is removed.

 The power balance using RES can be carried out by integrating RES with
energy storage unit.

The performance of power electronic systems, especially in terms of efficiency

and power density, has been continuously improved in circuit topologies, control
schemes, semiconductors, passive components, digital signal processors, and
system integration technologies.

Proper switching on generation side.

suitable Storage systems.

Reactive compensation solutions that provide rapid response, such as dynamic

static compensators (DSTATCOMs).

New volt/VAR optimization (VVO) technology .

Advanced metering infrastructure and associated home energy management

solutions.
Advantages:
Flexibility in generation that can lower overall system peak consumption
Requirement.

Reduced need for other power conditioning equipment to accommodate large wind
farms and high penetrations of distributed photovoltaics.

Addition of storage of renewables increases the capabilities in managing peak

and overall energy consumption.

Additional grid stability with the capability to provide ramp-up/ramp-down of

Power.

Distributed generation that helps maintain local supply continuity.

Increased value of the electricity generated by varaible RE generation and there is

no need of conventional generation in the future.
 CONCLUSION:
Recent trends in the power generation and distribution system
shows that penetration level of DG into the Grid has increased
considerably.

As renewable energy is growing fast in many parts of the world,

the challenges associated with the grid integration of renewable
technologies should be fully understood and technically and
economically feasible smart solutions should be prepared.

By having appropriate technologies, proper control solutions,

strong interconnections among neighboring grids makes the
renewable energy grid connected system as sustainable future.
REFERENCES:
1. Grid integration of renewable energy sources GermanP. kammer, A. Kober
BTU Cottbus,y.

2. Renewable energy sources(RES) grid integration: key issues and challenges-

Bharat singh.

3. Renewable energy Technologies solutions grid connected systems IRENA

workshop.

4. Renewable energy in India : progress vision and strategy- Ministry of new and
Renewable energy government of India.

5. Auer, H. et al. (2007), Action Plan Guiding a Least Cost Grid Integration
of RES-Electricity in an Extended Europe, GreenNet-EU27,
www.risoe.dk/rispubl/art/2006_133.pdf.