Lecture 2: Earthquake Resistant Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures

Assistant Professor Dr.Gkhan YAZICI

Istanbul Kltr University
gyazici@gmail.com
Basic Principles of Seismic Design
Capacity Demand
Two Strategies:
Reduce the Seismic Demand
Increase Capacity
Reducing the Seismic Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil
conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift
control by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Soil Conditions
Soil Amplification
Soil Amplification
Liquefaction
Liquefaction
Liquefaction
Liquefaction
Reducing the Seismic Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil
conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift
control by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Unnecessary Mass
Newtons Second Law
F = ma

ACCELERATION

DECELERATION
Unnecessary Mass

xt
x m
c k/2
k/2
xg

mx mxg cx kx 0
mx cx kx mxg Pearthquake (t )
Unnecessary Mass
Unnecessary Mass
Unnecessary Mass
Unnecessary Mass
Heavy Infill Walls
Unnecessary Mass
Heavy Facades and Claddings
Reducing the Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control
by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Shear wall and core arrangement
Effect of Torsion

Past earthquakes have shown that structures with

eccentric bracing
systems perfom poorly.
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Poor Alignment of Columns and Shear Walls
Reducing the Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control
by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Abrupt Changes in Lateral Resistance
Soft Story
Abrupt Changes in Lateral Resistance
Soft Story
Soft Story
Soft Story
Soft Story
Abrupt Changes in Lateral Stiffnes
Weak Column Strong Beam
Which one is better?
Weak Column Strong Beam
Short Column Failure
Short Columns
Short Column Failures
Reducing the Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control
by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Provide Sufficient Lateral Bracing
Provide Sufficient Lateral Bracing
Reducing the Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control
by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Isolate Nonstructural Elements
Isolate Nonstructural Elements
Isolate Nonstructural Elements
Reducing the Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control
by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Pounding
Pounding
Pounding
Reducing the Demand
Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
Avoid using unnecessary mass
Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
Avoid abrupt changes in lateral resistance
Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control
by using concrete structural walls
Isolate non-structural elements
Avoid pounding
Use seismic isolation and energy dissipation
systems
Seismic Isolation and Energy
Dissipation
Period Shift Effect
Period Shift Effect
Increasing Damping
Seismic Isolation
Increasing Capacity
Increasing the dimensions of structural
members
Increases the forces acting on structure
Expensive
Architectural Constraints
Increasing Capacity
Detailing for ductility
Dissipate earthquake induced energy through inelastic
deformations
Connections are Vital!
Connections are Vital!
 Column

Tie Bars of the Column

Beam
Beam
Buckling of Longitudinal Bars
Proper Connection of Tie Bars

???
Confinement
Concrete Must Be Poured and
Compacted Properly!
Concluding Remarks
It is possible to reduce the demands on the
structural system components by choosing an
appropriate structural system configuration.
It is possible to increase the energy
dissipation capacity of the structural system
by paying attention to connection details and
good worksmanship