DYNAMICS

Ch.1: KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE

Dr. Mohammed Sobhi

 INTRODUCTION
Kinematics
Study of the geometry of motion.
Relates displacement, velocity, acceleration, and
time without reference to the cause of motion.

Particles
Not strictly to small particles possibly as large
as cars, rockets or airplanes.
The entire bodies will analyze, any rotation to
the centre will be neglected
 Kinematics of Particles Cases
Rectilinear motion: position, velocity,
and acceleration of a particle as it moves
along a straight line.

Curvilinear motion: position, velocity,

and acceleration of a particle as it moves
along a curved line in two or three
dimensions.
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION

Differentiate position to get velocity and

acceleration.
v = dx/dt ; a = dv/dt or a = v d2x/dt2; a
= v dv/dx

Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.

Note that xo and vo represent the initial position and

velocity of the particle at t = 0.
Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

If forces applied to a
body are constant
(and in a constant
direction), then you
have uniformly
accelerated
rectilinear motion.

Another example is
free-fall when drag
is negligible
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED RECTILINEAR MOTION

For a particle in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion,

the acceleration of the particle is constant. You may
recognize these constant acceleration equations from your
physics courses.
v t
dv
dt
a constant dv a dt
v0 0
v v0 at

x t
dx
dt
v0 at dx v0 at dt
x0 0
x x0 v0t 12 at 2

v x
dv
v a constant v dv a dx v 2 v02 2a x x0
dx v0 x0

Careful these only apply to

uniformly accelerated rectilinear
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity
& Acceleration
The softball and the car both undergo curvilinear
motion.

A particle moving along a curve other than

a straight line is in curvilinear motion.
PROJECTILE MOTION
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS: HORIZONTAL MOTION

Since ax = 0, the velocity in the horizontal

direction remains constant (vx = vox) and the
position in the x direction can be determined by:
x = xo + (vox) t
is ax equal to zero (assuming movement through the air)?
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS: VERTICAL MOTION

Since the positive y-axis is directed upward, ay =

g. Application of the constant acceleration
equations yields:

vy = voy g t

y = yo + (voy) t g t2

vy2 = voy2 2 g (y yo)

For any given problem, only two of these three
equations can be used. Why?
Problem
SOLUTION:
Consider the vertical and horizontal
motion separately (they are
independent)
Apply equations of motion in y-
direction
Apply equations of motion in x-
direction
Determine time t for projectile to hit
A projectile is fired from the
the ground, use this to find the
edge of a 150-m cliff with anhorizontal distance
initial velocity of 180 m/s at
an angle of 30with the Maximum elevation occurs when v =0
y
horizontal. Neglecting air
resistance, find (a) the
horizontal distance from the
gun to the point where the
projectile strikes the ground,
(b) the greatest elevation
 SOLUTION:
Given: (v) =180 m/s (y)o =150 m
o

(a)y = - 9.81 m/s2 (a)x = 0 m/s

2

Vertical motion uniformly accelerated:

Horizontal motion uniformly accelerated

Choose positive x to the right as shown

 SOLUTION:

Horizontal
distance
Projectile strikes the ground
at:
Substitute into equation (1) above

Solving for t, we take the positive root

Substitute t into equation (4)

Maximum elevation occurs when vy=0

Maximum elevation above the ground =

Problem

Given: Projectile is fired with vA=150 m/s at point

A.

Find: The horizontal distance it travels (R) and

the time in the air.
Solution:
1) Place the coordinate system at point A.

Then, write the equation for horizontal

motion.
+ xB = xA + vAx tAB
where xB = R, xA = 0, vAx = 150 (4/5) m/s

2) Now write
Range, a vertical
R will be R =motion
120 tABequation. Use the
distance equation.
+ yB = yA + vAy tAB 0.5 g tAB2
where yB = 150, yA = 0, and vAy = 150(3/5) m/s
We get the following equation: 150 = 90 tAB + 0.5 (
9.81)tAB2
Solving for tAB first, tAB = 19.89 s.
Then, R = 120 tAB = 120 (19.89) = 2387 m
TANGENT AND NORMAL
COMPONENTS
Tangential and Normal Components

If we have an idea of the path of a vehicle, it is

often convenient to analyze the motion using
tangential and normal components (sometimes
called path coordinates).
 ACCELERATION IN THE n-t COORDINATE
SYSTEM
So, there are two components to the
acceleration vector:
atot = at ut + an un

The tangential component is tangent to the curve and in the

direction of increasing or decreasing velocity.
at = a or at dx = v dv

The normal or centripetal component is always directed toward

the center of curvature of the curve. an = v2/

The magnitude of the acceleration vector is

atot = [(at)2 + (an)2]0.5 .
 SPECIAL CASES OF MOTION
There are some special cases of motion to consider.

1) The particle moves along a straight line.

=> an = v2/ atot = at
The tangential component represents the time rate
of change in the magnitude of the velocity.
2) The particle
. moves along a curve at constant speed.
at = 0 => atot = an = v2/
The normal component represents the time rate of
change in the direction of the velocity.
3) The tangential component of acceleration is constant,
at = (at)c.
In this case,
x = xo + vo t + (1/2) (at)c t2
v = vo + (at)c t
v2 = (vo)2 + 2 (at)c (x xo)
As before, xo and vo are the initial position and velocity
of the particle at t = 0.
 Problem 11.10
SOLUTION:

Define your coordinate system

Calculate the tangential velocity and

tangential acceleration

Calculate the normal acceleration

Determine overall acceleration

A motorist is traveling on a curved magnitude after the brakes have
section of highway of radius 750
m at the speed of 90 km/h. The been applied
motorist suddenly applies the
brakes, causing the automobile to
slow down at a constant rate.
Knowing that after 8 s the speed
has been reduced to 72 km/h,
determine the acceleration of the
automobile immediately after the
brakes have been applied.
 SOLUTION: Define your coordinate
system
Determine velocity and acceleration
in the tangential direction

et km 1000 m 1 h
en 90 km/h = 90 25 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
72 km/h = 20 m/s
The deceleration constant,
therefore
Dv 20 m/s - 25 m/s
at =average at = = =- 0.625 m/s2
Dt 8s
Immediately after the brakes are
applied, the speed is still 25 m/s

v 2 (25 m/s)2
an = = =0.833 m/s2
r 750 m
an 0.833 m/s2
a an2 at2 ( 0.625) 2 (0.833) 2 tan a = a =
t 0.625 m/s2
a =1.041 m/s2 a =53.1o