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The Freedom Rides of 1961 aimed to test the Supreme Court's ruling desegregating interstate buses and terminals. Organized by CORE, the rides involved black and white riders traveling through the segregated South. They faced violent mobs and arrests as they challenged Jim Crow laws. The rides drew national attention and hundreds of new riders, helping pressure the federal government to enforce desegregation of interstate transit facilities.
The Freedom Rides of 1961 aimed to test the Supreme Court's ruling desegregating interstate buses and terminals. Organized by CORE, the rides involved black and white riders traveling through the segregated South. They faced violent mobs and arrests as they challenged Jim Crow laws. The rides drew national attention and hundreds of new riders, helping pressure the federal government to enforce desegregation of interstate transit facilities.
The Freedom Rides of 1961 aimed to test the Supreme Court's ruling desegregating interstate buses and terminals. Organized by CORE, the rides involved black and white riders traveling through the segregated South. They faced violent mobs and arrests as they challenged Jim Crow laws. The rides drew national attention and hundreds of new riders, helping pressure the federal government to enforce desegregation of interstate transit facilities.
What was the Freedom Ride ? On May 4, 1961 seven African Americans and six Whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia case of (1960), which declared segregation in interstate buses and rail stations unconstitutional. Jim Crow Laws . Buses Railroads Restaurants Toilet Facilities Police Stations Taxis Military Hospitals and Care Ect. C.O.R.E. Founded in 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) became one of the leading activist organizations in the early years of the American Civil Rights Movement. Who was involved in these Freedom Rides? Tom Gaither CORE activist purposed the Freedom Ride James Farmer CORE director leads the Freedom Riders onto the bus Among the riders includes Hank Thomas, Jim Peck, Diane Nash, John Lewis, Rudy Doris Smith, Jim Zwerg, and many more . . John Lewis A member of C.O.R.E. Was a Freedom Rider in 1961 Member of the (SNCC) Still gives back today Roads Traveled
The plan is to ride through Virginia, the
Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Their final destination is New Orleans, Louisiana. Along the way they were not welcomed into hotels, restaurants, restrooms, police stations, hospitals, and the houses where people helped them were destroyed and demolished after they left. Horrific obstacles Joseph Perkins is the first Freedom Rider to be arrested. Later that same day, Freedom Rider John Lewis is assaulted. CORE Freedom Riders bus #1 burned. The Freedom Riders arrive in Montgomery, AL where a police escort abandons them to an angry mob. Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg and Federal official John Seigenthaler are badly injured in an ensuing brawl. Freedom Riders jailed Freedom Riders sent to Parchman State Prison Farm Riders are transferred to Mississippis notorious Parchman State Prison Farm. Segregationist authorities attempt to break their spirits by removing mattresses from the cells. New Freedom Riders will continue to arrive in Jackson, MS and be jailed throughout summer. Why did the Freedom Rides occur? The Freedom Rides occurred because people knew if they wanted change they had to do it themselves. This went down in history as one of the more remunerable and more effective acts to push the Civil Rights Movements. Why these rides were so significant! The violence and arrests continued to garner national and international attention, and drew hundreds of new Freedom Riders to the cause. The rides continued over the next several months, and that fall, under pressure form the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals. Work Cited http://www.core-online.org/History/freedom%20rides.htm (Photo) Freedom Rider bus outside of Washington D.C., loading station Library photo. http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/links/misclink/examples/homepage.htm (Photo) Colored sign from 1880s Jim Crow Laws segregation, police waiting room. MISTER, THIS IS NOT YOUR FIGHT!: THE 1961 MONTGOMERY FREEDOM RIDE RIOTS Catsam, Derek Charles. Studies in the Literary Imagination 40.2 (Fall 2007): 93-109,173 (Photo) The Rev Fred Shuttlesworth with Freedom Riders Charles Butler, Catherine Burks, Lucretia Collins, and Salynn McCollum in the white Greyhound terminal waiting room. Nashville Tennesean photo http://www.crmvet.org/riders/freedom_rides.pdf http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/congress-of-racial-equality (Photo) Harlem protest including CORE member James Peck and Henry Thomas Robert F. Williams, Black Power, and the roots of the African American freedom struggle Tyson, Timothy B. The Journal of American History 85.2 (Sep 1998):540-570 (Photo) Rep. John Lewis was a student 1961 at American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville when he became one of the original Freedom Riders. (Photo) Jim Peck, seated, talks with a Justice Dept. representative and Ben Cox on the freedom plane to New Orleans, May 15, 1961,. Photo by Theodore Gaffney. (Photo) http://www.tolerance.org/supplement/john-lewis-reenacts-historic-1961-freedom-rides (Photo) John Lewis. Freedom Rider. July 1961. Lewis recently tweeted the photograph, spawning this fascinating, powerful thread. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/jim-zwerg / (Photo) James Zwerg's physical wounds healed after he was attacked by an Alabama mob, but the emotional wounds festered.
Responsive Document - CREW: Department of The Interior: Regarding Efforts by Wall Street Investors To Influence Agency Regulations: 8/28/2012 - FY 2011 FOIA Log