Work, Kinetic, and Potential

Energy
outline Applying Newtons laws can be a bit tricky.
Work Why?
Work-energy Theorem Because you have to keep track of the
Kinetic Energy components of the force
Power
And in problems where the force acting on
a body is not constant (e.g. varies with
Gravitational potential position), using F=ma becomes problematic
energy resulting to acceleration that are function
Elastic potential
energy
of position.
Conservative and non- Thus, the overall equations can become
conservative forces quite messy.
Work and potential
energy
Energy Diagram Simple remedy: It is easier to work with
systems that has CONSERVED quantities.
Such as Energy and Momentum.
 Work as Defined in Physics
The concept of work can be Simple form:
understood when a force is
applied to a body to change its
motion. W F d
Work = Force
It is done on an object when an Displacement
applied force changes its = Force
position.
Displacement
It can be done by you, as well Machines (e.g. ramps,
as on you. levers, etc.) make work
easy
i.e. apply less force over
Work is a measure of expended
larger distance for the
energy
same amount of work
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 Work done from constant force

W F s Fs cos

For a constant force:

Only the force in the direction of motion contributes to the work
done on an object.
This work is selected by the dot product.

Units of work:
1 N.m = 1 Joules (i.e. it is energy); 1 calorie = 4.186 J
 Work done on a block

A block is pushed 2.5 m by a net force of

50.0 N in the direction of motion. How
much work was done?
W-KE Theorem: non constant velocity
A mass of 10kg is acted on by a force of 10N at an angle of
30o above a frictionless surface. The force acts over a
distance of 5m. How much work was done on the object?

F = 10N

300

M = 10 kg s = 5m
 Positive, Negative, or Zero Work?

W F s Fs cos
Force is parallel to = 0, 2, 4,, 2m Work done is
displacement (m = 0, 1, 2,3,) positive

Force is antiparallel =180,3,.. (2m+1) Work done is

to displacement (m = 0, 1, 2,3,) negative

Force is =90,3/2, Work done is zero

perpendicular to (m+1/2)
displacement
(m = 0, 1, 2,3,)
 Positive, Negative, or Zero Work

FN Negative work done

Direction of motion
Fapp on an object
reduces the amount
Friction, Ffr of kinetic energy
it has.
FW

Applied force, Fapp, is parallel to the displacement ( = 0):

W = Fapps
Friction, Ffr, opposes the direction of motion ( = 1800):
W = -Ffrs
Gravitational force, Fw, and normal force, FN, are both perpendicular to
the direction of motion ( = 900):
W = zero!!!
 Gravitation and Work

Work done by you (take up as +h)

F. (h) = mg(h) = mgh

h
F Work done by gravity

-mg.(h) = -mgh
________
mg
Total work by ALL forces (W) = 0
Lift mass m with
constant velocity

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 Friction force and Work

F
f

d
Work done by you = F.d
Work done by friction = -f.d = -F.d
Total work done =
0

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 Work and Kinetic Energy
Remember your Kinematic Equations?

v v 2as
2 2
mv 2
mvi2 r
F ma
f
f i
mas
2 2
v 2f vi2
as 2
mv mv 2 rr Definition
2 2 f
F gs
i
1 2
2 2 KE mv
v 2f
vi2 2
m as KE Wtot
2 2

A force acting on a body results in a change of kinetic energy. This
is known as the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem.
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 KE is also associated to a bodys speed, it is a
measure of the amount of work that one
Kinetic object can do on another
Energy
For a mass in motion, it is proportional to
1 2 v2
KE mv
2 Fast events = high kinetic energies!
Damage to car in collision is
proportional to v2
Trauma to the head from falling
objects is proportional to v2
Storms with 80 km.p.h. packs four
times the punch of winds with 40
km.p.h. speed
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 Kinetic energy of a baseball

A 145 g baseball is moving at 30 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?

 Kinetic energy of a car

The kinetic energy of car moving at 30 m/s in the super highway is 675 kJ. What is the mass of the
car?
Kinetic energy of a fish

What is the speed of a 2 kg (~4.4 lb) fish which jumps out of the water with a kinetic energy of 1 J?
 Example

Suppose the woman in the figure above applies a 50 N force to a

25-kg box at an angle of 30 degrees above the horizontal. She
manages to pull the box 5 meters.

a) Calculate the WORK done by the woman on the box

b) The speed of the box after 5 meters if the box started from rest.
W KE 1 mv 2
W Fx cos 2
W (50)(5) cos 30 W 1 (25)v 2
2
216.5 J v 4.16 m/s
 How fast work gets done is POWER
Average Power Instantaneous Power

When an amount of work W is The instantaneous power P is

done during a time interval t, defined as
the average work done per unit
time is the average power. W dW r r
P lim F gv
t 0 t dt
W r r
P F gvave In simple terms, power is the
t
energy exchanged per unit
r r time P = W/t
r x2 x1
v vave Units: 1 watts = Joules/sec
t2 t1 1 horsepower (hp) = 745 W

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 Energy values of fuels

Joules Equivalent
Energy Unit
(S.I.)
gallon of gasoline 1.3 x 108
AA battery 103
standard cubic foot of natural gas (SCF) 1.1 x 106
barrel of crude oil (contains 42 gallons) 6.1 x 109
pound of coal 1.6 x 107
pound of gasoline 2.2 x 107
pound of oil 2.4 x 107
pound of Uranium-235 3.7 x 1013
ton of coal 3.2 x 1010
ton of Uranium-235 7.4 x 1016
 Rough values of the energies of various occurrences

Occurrence Energy (J) Occurrence Energy (J)

Creation of the Universe 1068 One day of heavy manual

107
labor
Exploding volcano (Krakatoa) 1019
Woman running for 1 hr 106
Severe earthquake (Richter 8) 1018
Candy bar 106
Burning a million tons of coal 1016
Burning match 103
Hurricane 1015 Hard-hit baseball 103
Atomic Bomb (Hiroshima) 1014 Lifting an apple 1 m 1
Energy to put the space Human heartbeat 0.5
1013
shuttle in orbit
Depressing typewriter key 10-2
One year of electricity for the Hopping flea 10-7
1010
average house
Photon of light 10-19
Lightening bolt 10 10
Energy of room-temperature
Human daily diet 10 7 10-21
air molecule
 Work is Exchange of Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work
Two main categories of energy
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
A moving baseball can do work
A falling anvil can do work
Potential Energy: Stored (latent) capacity to do work
Gravitational potential energy (perched on cliff)
Mechanical potential energy (like in compressed spring)
Chemical potential energy (stored in bonds)
Nuclear potential energy (in nuclear bonds)
Energy can be converted between types

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 Conversion of Energy

Falling object converts gravitational

potential energy into kinetic energy
Friction converts kinetic energy into
vibrational (thermal) energy
makes things hot (rub your hands together)
irretrievable energy
Doing work on something changes that
objects energy by amount of work done,
transferring energy from the agent doing
the work
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 Gravitational Potential Energy

GPE is associated with a bodys weight and position above the

ground
Work done on the body BY gravity is

Wgrav =
FWs = -mg(h2-h1)
h2
= mgh1 mgh2

mg
PE = mgh
h1

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 Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy near the

surface of the Earth:

Work = Force Distance
m

W = mg h
h
PE = mgh
m

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Potential Energy

The man shown lifts a 10 kg package

2 meters above the ground. What is
the potential energy given to the
package by the man?

PE mgh
PE (10)(9.8)( 2)
h

196 J
 Energy is Conserved!
The total energy (in all forms) in a closed
system remains constant
This is one of natures conservation laws
Conservation applies to:
Energy (includes mass via E = mc2)
Momentum
Angular Momentum
Electric Charge
Conservation laws are fundamental in physics,
and stem from symmetries in our space and
time

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 ENERGY IS CONSERVED
The law of conservation of mechanical
energy states: Energy cannot be created
or destroyed, only transformed!

Energy Before Energy After

Am I moving? If yes,
Am I moving? If yes,
Ko
K

Am I above the Am I above the

ground? If yes, Uo ground? If yes, U
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
In the absence of outside forces, Mechanical Energy is
conserved. This is the concept of
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Mechanical Energy (ME) = sum of PE and KE

PE +
KE
Any decrease in PE results from a increase in KE

Any increase in PE results from a decrease in KE

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

In a system of conservative forces, any change in

Potential Energy is compensated for by an inverse
change in Kinetic Energy

PE + KE = ME
The total mechanical energy E remains constant
ME i = ME f
PE i + KE i = PE f + KE f
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy: Exemption

If other forces are present

they are included in the initial stage

PE i + KE i + W F = PE f + KE f
If friction is involved
PE i + KE i + Wfriction = PE f + KE f
PE i + KE i + Ffrictiond cos(180) = PE f + KE f
PE i + KE i - Ffrictiond = PE f + KE f
 Energy Conservation Demonstrated

Roller coaster car lifted to initial height (energy in)

Converts gravitational potential energy to motion
Fastest at bottom of track
Re-converts kinetic energy back into potential as it
climbs the next hill

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 Accounting for Mechanical Energy
A 1 kg ball is dropped from a height of 10 m 10 m P.E. = 98 J
K.E. = 0 J
Top ( h = 10m)
v = 0 m/s K = 0, E = U + K 8m
Etop=Utop= mgh=(1 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(10m) = 98 J P.E. = 73.5 J
K.E. = 24.5 J
Halfway down (i.e. 5 m from the floor)
6m
The ball has given up half its potential energy
to kinetic energy P.E. = 49 J
Uhalf = mgh = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(5 m) = 49 J K.E. = 49 J
4m
K = Etop Uhalf = 98 J 49 J = 49 J
K = mv2 v2 = 98 m2/s2 v 10 m/s P.E. = 24.5 J
2m K.E. = 73.5 J
Floor (h = 0 m)
All potential energy is given up to kinetic energy
K = 98 J v2 = 196 m2/s2 v = 14 m/s P.E. = 0 J
0m
K.E. = 98 J
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 Energy Conversion/Conservation
10 m Example
P.E. = 98 J
Drop 1 kg ball from 10 m
K.E. = 0 J

Height PE = KE = ME = v=
8m =h mgh mv2
P.E. = 73.5 J PE + KE 2KE/m
K.E. = 24.5 J 1(9.8)10
10 m = 98 J
0.0 J 98 J 0 m/s
6m
7.5 1(9.8)7.5 98-73.5 98 J
P.E. = 49 J = 73.5 =24.5 2*24.5/1
K.E. = 49 J
4m 1(9.8) 5 98-49
5m = 49 =49
98 J
P.E. = 24.5 J 1(9.8)2.5 98-24.5
2m K.E. = 73.5 J 2.5 m =24.5 =73.5
98 J

0m 0 98-0 98 J
P.E. = 0 J =98
0m
K.E. = 98 J

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 Energy Conversion/Conservation
10 m Example
P.E. = 98 J
Drop 1 kg ball from 10 m
K.E. = 0 J

Height PE = KE = ME = v=
8m =h mgh mv2
P.E. = 73.5 J PE + KE 2KE/m
K.E. = 24.5 J
10 m 98 J 0J 98 J 0 m/s
6m
P.E. = 49 J 7.5 73.5 J 24.5 J 98 J 7 m/s
K.E. = 49 J
4m 5m 49 J 49 J 98 J 9.9
m/s
P.E. = 24.5 J 12.1
K.E. = 73.5 J
2.5 m 24.5 J 73.5 J 98 J
2m
m/s
P.E. = 0 J
0m 0J 98 J 98 J 14 m/s
0m
K.E. = 98 J

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 Energy Conversion/Conservation
10 m Example
P.E. = 98 J
Drop 1 kg ball from 10 m
K.E. = 0 J

Height PE = KE = ME = v=
8m =h mgh mv2
P.E. = 73.5 J PE + KE 2KE/m
K.E. = 24.5 J
10 m 98 J 0 m/s
6m
P.E. = 49 J 8 98 J
K.E. = 49 J
4m
6m 98 J
P.E. = 24.5 J
2m K.E. = 73.5 J 4m 98 J

2m 98 J
P.E. = 0 J
0m
K.E. = 98 J
0 98 J
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Example

35
 V = 0m/s, m = 2 kg
Sin 30 = 5/d
d = 5/sin30
d = 10 m
5m
30 0 V
= ????

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37
A 1500 kg race car was speeding at 20 m/s when the driver initiated the
nitrous boost of 200,000 J. What is the final speed of the car?