Prepared & presented by

Mr. Deepak Chanchad

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
VADODARA-23
09825756467
Course Content
Scaffold Safety Awareness Training
Accident Statistics
Definitions
Key Responsibilities
Independent Tied Scaffolding
Widths and Usage of Access Scaffold Platforms
General Safety Tips for Erecting Scaffolding
Safe Ladder Access
Scaffold Components
Typical Combination of Major Components of a
Scaffold
Storage
Scaffold Inspection
2
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
 Fatal / Serious Accident Statistics
Cause Year Total
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Contact with moving machinery 1 - - - 1

Hit by moving, falling object 99 83 105 106 393

Hit by moving vehicle 1 - - - 1

Hit something fixed or stationary 101 80 103 75 359

Handling 88 79 108 135 410

Slip or trip 169 137 134 169 609
Falls from height of which:- 477 504 616 509 2,106
High fall 199 190 241 193 823
Low fall 226 245 286 264 1,021
Fall - height not known 52 69 89 52 262
Collapse 11 7 8 1 27
Contact with harmful substance 1 - - - 1

Electricity 2 - 4 1 7
Other kind of accident 13 16 25 29 83

Not known - 1 1 - 2
Total 963 907 1,104 1,025 3,999
3
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
Definitions
Base Plate
A steel plate providing a flat bearing surface with a spigot or screw jack for
distributing the load from posts (standards). It has an integral spigot and
fixing holes for use with sills. See Figure
Screw jack :

Bearer (Transom) : A horizontal transverse scaffold member, that

may support platform units, and which is supported by at least two runners
(ledgers) or connected directly to at least two posts (standards). See Figure
Body Belt (Safety Belt)
Cross Bracing
Longitudinal (Facade or Sway) Bracing
Plan Bracing
Transverse (Sectional or Ledger) Bracing :Diagonal braces installed in
the
plane of the shorter dimension (width) of the scaffold. See Figure II.9.1 and
Figure II.9.4.
Zig-Zag (Dog-leg) Bracing :Diagonal braces placed end-to-end and that
alternate back and forth. See

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 4

Definitions
Caster (Castor)
Coupler (Fitting, Clamp)
Fabricated Scaffold Plank, Deck, or Platform
Toprail, Midrail, Toeboard.
Guys ( Wire rope)
Ladder : A device used for climbing vertically between levels, including:
Lift : Base Lift, Lift Head Room, Lift Height
Load Rating : Live load for scaffold design and maximum intended
loading shall be per the following categories:
Light-duty: maximum intended load is 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25
lb./ft2). See Figure II.9.35.
Medium-duty: Uniformly distributed maximum intended load is 240
kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50 lb./ft2). See Figure II.9.36.
Special-duty: Scaffold specially designed and constructed to carry
maximum intended loads greater than 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50 psf),
such as masonry
work, piping or equipment, and is classified as a Special Scaffold.
Plank (Scaffold Board)
Post (Standard) Vertical scaffold tube that bears the weight of the
scaffold. See Figure II.9.1. 5
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
Definitions
Runner (Ledger) : A lengthwise horizontal scaffold tube that extends from post
(standard) to post, that supports the bearers (transoms) and that forms a tie
between the posts. See Figure II.9.1 and Figure II.9.3.
Scaffold Measurements Dimensions of a scaffold. See Figure II.9.6.
Bay : The space between the centerlines of adjacent posts (standards) along the
face of a scaffold.
Bay Length : The horizontal, longitudinal distance between centers of two
adjacent posts (standards).
Height The vertical distance between the scaffold base and the topmost assembly
of runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms).
Length The horizontal distance along the runners (ledgers) between the scaffolds
extreme longitudinal posts (standards); sometimes designated by the number of
bays.
Longitudinal : The long direction of the scaffold, usually parallel to the scaffolds
planks.: Transverse The short direction of the scaffold, usually perpendicular to the
scaffolds planks.
Width : The maximum horizontal transverse distance of a scaffold measured at
right angles to the runners (ledgers) from center of the posts (standards) that are
the farthest apart. Sometimes designated by the number of planks that can fit
within the posts.

6
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
Definitions
Fall Protection: Each person who could fall more than 1.8 meters (6
feet) shall be protected from falling by a fall protection system.
Guardrail Systems : shall not be less than 0.95 meter (38 inches),
Midrails shall be installed approximately halfway between the
walking/working surface and the top rail.
Personal Fall Arrest Systems :
Falling Object Protection : Toe boards,
Ladder for access : All ladders shall extend at least 900 mm (3 feet)
above the landing, platform, eave, or roofline. See Figure II.9.38.
Extension Ladders
A. Where an extension ladder is fully extended, the minimum overlap
between ladder sections depends on the extension ladder length:
Up to and including 11 meters (36 feet) = 1.2 meters (4 feet) overlap
11 to 14.6 meters (36 to 48 feet) = 1.5 meters (5 feet) overlap
B. Extension ladders shall be securely tied-off to a rigid structure.

7
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
Definitions
Scaffold:
A temporarily provided structure that supports
persons and equipment for working at heights

Free Standing Scaffold:

A scaffold which is not attached to any other
structure and is stable against overturning on
its own account or, if necessary, assisted by
guys or anchors

Independent Tied Scaffold:

A scaffold which has two lines of standards,
one supporting the outside of the deck and
the other supporting the inside of the deck.
The transoms are built into the wall of the
building. It is not free standing, being
supported by the building

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 8

Key Responsibilities
Initiator Requests
Scaffold Access
Scaffold inspected
by a competent
Scaffold foreman person
surveys workplace

Hand over to end Scaffold Register &

If Yes - Request user Inspection Tag
Does the scaffold maintained
require a design? Design from
drawing engineer
Statutory Inspection
If No Develop a design
drawing
Job complete,
scaffold foreman
notified to dismantle
Requisition
scaffold
Materials

Erect Scaffold
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 9
Scaffold Terminology

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 10

Scaffold Terminology

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 11

Scaffold Terminology

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 12

 Independent Tied
An independent scaffold consists

Scaffolds
of a double row of uprights, with
each row parallel to the structure.

The inner row is set as close to

the structure as possible. The
distance between the lines of the
uprights should be the minimum
necessary to accommodate the
required number of toe boards.

The standards nearest the

structure is set 300mm from the
structure

The uprights should be connected

with ledgers parallel to the
structure and connected with
right angled connectors

Longitudinal bracing is required at

intervals not exceeding 10 metres
13
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
 Independent Guard Rail (Approx 1.0 m high)
Brick Guard
Tied
Intermediate guard rail (Max gap of 470 mm)
Scaffold END OF
Toe Board (Min 150 mm high)
SCAFFOLD

Scaffolding Planks
(Deck area min of 600 mm wide)

Transom

Facade Brace
Large
Through Tie Ledger Brace Eye Bolt

Reveal Tie

Couplers at joints

Ledger

Standard

Eye Bolt
and Strap
Base Plates
Sole Plates

14
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS
 Independent Tied Scaffold Loading Chart
(Reproduced from BS-5973 : 1981)
Distribution Maximum Number of Maximum
Maximum
Type Load on Number of 225mm
Bay Length
Overall
Platform Platforms Boards Height
Inspection
1 Working
and Light 0.75 2/3 Boards 2.7m 50m
Platforms
Duty

2 Working
Light Duty 1.5 3/4 Boards 2.4m 50m
Platforms

2 Working
General 5 Boards or
2 + 1 Very 2.1m 50m
Purpose 4+1
Light
2 Working
Heavy 5 Boards or
2.5 + 1 Very 2m 50m
Duty 4+1
Light
Masonry 1 Working
6 to 8
(Special 3 + 1 Very 1.8m 50m
15
Boards
 Putlog Brick Guard Guard Rail (Approx 1.0 m high)

Scaffold
Intermediate guard rail (Max gap of 470 mm)
Toe Board (Min 150 mm high)
Scaffolding Planks
(Deck area min of 600 mm wide)

Putlog

Through Tie

Facade Brace

Couplers at joints

Ledger

End Brace

Standard
Putlog
Base Plate
Sole Plate

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 16

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 17
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 18
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 19
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Scaffold Tags

43
RED & GREEN Scaffold Tags

SCAFFTAG
BRAND
1926.45(f) PART (7) SCAFFOLD SHALL BE
ERECTED, MOVED, DISMANTLED OR
No. ALTERED ONLY UNDER THE SUPERVISION
OF A COMPETENT PERSON

BRAND THINK SAFETY

ERECTED BY
ON/DATE
SIGNATURE
PRINT NAME

SCAFFOLD
DANGER RELEASED
FOR ACCESS

LOADING SCHEDULE
DO NOT
Check One
USE Light Duty (25 lbs sq ft)
SCAFFOLD Medium Duty (50 lbs sq ft)
Heavy Duty (75 lbs sq ft)
See Engineering Drawing

44
 YELLOW Scaffold Tags

SCAFFTAG
BRAND
A yellow tag warns of a
1926.45(f) PART (7) SCAFFOLD SHALL BE
ERECTED, MOVED, DISMANTLED OR ALTERED
particular hazard for that
ONLY UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A
COMPETENT PERSON scaffold.
FALL PROTECTION REQUIRED

! CAUTION !
OTHER HAZARDS MAY EXIST
Hazards may include:
Missing handrail, midrail, or
ERECTED BY toeboard
ON/DATE
SIGNATURE Plank removed to install pipe
PRINT NAME

LOADING SCHEDULE Missing brace or horizontal member

Check One
Light Duty (25 lbs sq ft)
Medium Duty (50 lbs sq ft)
Heavy Duty (75 lbs sq ft)
See Engineering Drawing

45
 General Safety Tips for Erecting
Scaffolding
Refer to safety regulations
and standards for design and
requirements

Choose the correct scaffold

system for the job

Erect all scaffold parts

according to the
manufacturers
recommendations

Erect scaffold on a base that

will support all the loads
subjected to it

Make sure that the backfill is

compacted and level
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 46
 General Safety Tips for Erecting
Scaffolding
Select scaffold according to:
Height required
Type and duration of work
Range of weather conditions
Weightof workers, materials
and equipment
Location

Special
requirement's i.e.
materials and equipment
Special requirements i.e. H2s
areas
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 47
Erecting Scaffold Tips
Continued
Provide adequate sills for scaffold posts and base plates

Set scaffold feet on centrally on mudsills consisting of 400 X 20

planks

Sills should extend 610mm(2ft) beyond the base and be long

enough to extend under at least two sills

Install scaffold with jackscrews (adjusting screws). The

adjustments are there to keep the scaffold plumb and level

Brace both sides of every frame for the vertical frame, insert
bracing at the joint of every tier of frames

Do not force the braces to fit

Use coupling devices to join frames to prevent the joints coming

apart.
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 48
Considerations for Installing
Guardrails
Top rail must be 1meter
(40) above the platform

A midrail about halfway

between the platform and
the top rail inside the
upright posts

A toe board 100mm (6)

high from the platform
fastened to the inner side of
the upright posts

Posts and rails capable of

withstanding a force of at
least 75kgs/m sq. applied
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 49
Stability of the Scaffold
Do not allow the ratio of
scaffold height to base
exceed (4 1)

If the height to be
exceeded then the
scaffold should be tied
into the structure

Stabilised wires by guy

wires

Secured by out riggers

or stabilisers

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 50

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 51
Safe Working Platforms
All boards which make up the platform
shall rest squarely and evenly on
correctly spaced transoms. And secured
(tied) to prevent accidental
misplacement
All boards shall be of the same thickness

Each board shall have at least three

supports unless the thickness or span is
enough to prevent sagging under load
No board shall overhang the end
support by more than four times its
thickness. The minimum overhang shall
be at least 50mm
Where men have to sit at the edge of
the platform between the structure, the
gap between the platform and the
structure shall not exceed 300mm
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 52
Safe Working Platforms
Guard rails to be fitted
between 950mm and
1150mm above the level of
the platform

Guard rails and toe boards

shall be positioned at every
edge from which a person is
liable to fall more than 2m

Toe boards shall be fixed on

the inside of the standards
and shall be at least
150mm high

The distance between

guard rails and toe boards
shall not exceed 765mm

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 53

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 54
Safe Ladder Access
Access ladders shall stand on
firm even bases, at an angle
of 4 vertical to 1 horizontal
( that is 75 degrees to the
horizontal) they shall be
secured by their stiles to the
platforms to which they give
access to prevent movement

Ladder clamps or lashings

(ropes) shall be used to
secure ladders in place

Ladders shall project at least

1 metre above the landing
place, having 1 rung either
level or slightly level with the
landing place
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 55
Ladder
s

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 56

Safe Ladder Access
Ladders shall be place inside
scaffold a scaffold wherever
practicable, and landing places
shall be provided at vertical
intervals of no more than 9
meters

The edges of the landing places

shall be provided with guard rails
and toe boards

The opening in landings, through

which the ladders pass, shall not
exceed 500mm

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 57

Erection of Scaffold
The erection of a scaffold will
ensure that at no time will the
scaffold reach an unstable
condition

Ties shall be fixed in place as

erection proceeds, not when
scaffold is complete

Warning notices stating Danger

Scaffold Incomplete Do not
Use These notices must be
fitted to the incomplete scaffold
to prevent unnecessary accidents
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 58
Alteration to Scaffold
All modifications to existing scaffolding shall be carried out in
such a way that the stability of the scaffolding is not impaired

Supplementary components shall be added before those

which have to be removed are taken away

If standards are to be removed in order to provide access,

additional standards shall first be fixed to both sides of the
proposed opening so that the total number of standards in the
scaffolding is never reduced

Where joints in the standards are necessary, they shall be

made with sleeves or parallel couplers

Except at working platform level, ledgers and transoms shall

be fixed to the standards with right angle couplers

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 59

Dismantling Scaffolding
Before dismantling procedures begin the
scaffold in question shall be inspected then
a procedure shall be made for the
dismantling

Cordon off the dismantling area

A lay down area to be provided

Where possible safety harnesses to be

worn

During dismantling, no component, the

removal of which would endanger persons
shall be removed until steps have been
taken to make it safe for removal

If dismantling has reached a stage at

which a critical member has to be removed
that would impair the stability of the
scaffolding then the scaffolding must be
re-stabilised at a lower point

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 60

 Tagging System (Scaff
Tag)
After inspection a tagging system
shall be secured to the scaffold
stating:

Date erected with the name of the

scaffolder
Maximum loading KN/mSq
Date inspected with initials of
inspector
Date modified if applicable, with the
name of the scaffolder
Date re-inspected with the initials of
the inspector
Expiry date of the label (tag)
Dismantling date

VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 61

Register
Never mind what type of
scaffold you use there must
be a register of that
scaffolding on the premises
for inspection, indicating
certificates for the scaffold
used
VAIBHU SAFETY CONSULTANTS 62


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