Introduction To Computers and

Programming

Knowledge:
Understand the concepts of computer, hardware,
software and programming

Computer Science Department

What is a computer?
A device or machine which can be programmed to
receive data and perform manipulation, such as
arithmetic calculation and logic processing, and
generate processed data systematically DBP 1995
A computer is a machine for manipulating data
according to a list of instructions known as a
program. - Wikipedia website
History of Computer
The 1st electronic computer was created by Dr John
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in year 1930s at Iowa State
University. It was intended for postgraduate students in
nuclear physics to calculate complex arithmetics
ENIAC (electronic digital computer) was created in year
1946 at University of Pennsylvania under the American
Defenses financial assistance. Its weight was 30 tans
and size was 30x50 square feet
1950 - now => Microcomputer (workstation),
minicomputer, mainframe and supercomputer
Computer Hardware
Input Devices
Capture/receive input from users
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Execute instructions; compute, compare and transform
data
Primary Storage or Main Memory
Temporary storage for data/programs
Output Devices
Produce output/result
Secondary Storage Devices
Permanent storage for data/programs
 Computer
CD ROM, DVD ROM
Hardware
(Secondary Storage)
Floppy disk (Secondary Storage)

Speaker Hard disk (Secondary Storage)

(Output Memory i.e. RAM & ROM
Device) (Primary Storage)

Monitor
Screen
(Output
Device)
Printer (Output Device)
Keyboard (Input Device) Mouse (Input Device)
Computer Software
Program
An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the
computer to behave in a predetermined manner.
Without programs, computers are useless. A program is like a
recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a
list of directions (called statements) that tell the computer what
to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric
data, text, or graphical images.
Software
An executable program that is run in the computer
2 types of software:
System Software
Application Software
Computer System
The diagram below illustrates the anatomy of a computer system

User

App. Software
Syst. Software
Hardware
Computer Environment
Personal Computer
All components are directly connected and
not shared by others (stand-alone)
Time-sharing
Several users share hardware resources
Client-server
Computer tasks are divided between central
computer and users computers
Roles of Computer
Data Processing
Transform raw data into organised and
meaningful information
Control
Control tools that are difficult to be controlled
by human
Design and Development
Data Communication
Concepts of Programming
A planning process for a sequence of instruction
to be executed by the computer
Programming is performed to solve a particular
problem
Phases involved:
Problem Analysis
General Solution (Algorithm)
Validation
Detailed Solution (Coding)
Testing
Programming Languages
Machine Language Perwakilan decimal : 5
Consists of code 0 and 1 Perwakilan penduaan : 0000 0101

The only language that computer understands

Symbolic/Assembly Language
Uses symbols or mnemonic to represent machine
language instruction Bahasa Penghimpun : MOV AX,OF802
Bahasa Mesin : B802F8
Needs to be translated into machine language
High-Level Language
Resembles human language. E.g. English Language
Needs to be translated into machine language
Read X
Types of Programming
Structured
Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN
Functional
Scheme, LISP
Object-Oriented
Java, C++
Logic-based
Prolog
Scripts
Perl, Visual Basic, Javascript
End of Lecture 1

Yes !! Thats all?

Whats next???

ALGORITHM on the
way