Water Distribution

Systems Part 1
Lecture 2
Dr. Jawad Al-rifai

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Methods of Distributing Water
Capacity Requirements
System Losses
Population Forecast
Water Demand
Fire Demand
Pressure
Design Period
Work Examples
Storage Reservoirs
Elevated Reservoirs
Work Example

Contents
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Water Distribution Systems (WDS)
Theobjective of WDS is to deliver water to individual
consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and
pressure.
The distribution system describes collectively the
facilities used to supply water from its source to the
point of usage.
Thismay include extensive system of pipes, storage
reservoirs, pumps and related appurtenances.
The proper functioning of a water distribution system
is critical to providing sufficient drinking water to
consumers as well as providing sufficient water for
fire protection

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 Average day demand. The total annual quantity of water production for
an agency or municipality divided by 365.
Maximum day demand. The highest water demand of the year during
any 24-h period.
Peak hour demand. The highest water demand of the year during any
1-h period.
Peaking factors. The increase above average annual demand,
experienced during a specified time period. Peaking factors are
customarily used as multipliers of average day demand to express
maximum day and peak hour demands.
Distribution pipeline or main. A smaller diameter water distribution
pipeline that serves a relatively small area. Water services to individual
consumers are normally placed on distribution pipelines. Distribution
system pipelines are normally between 150 and 400 mm (6-16 in.).
Transmission pipeline or main. A larger-diameter pipeline, designed
to transport larger quantities of water during peak demand-periods.
Water services for small individual consumers are normally not placed on
transmission pipelines. Transmission mains are normally pipelines larger
than 400 mm (16 in.).

Definitions 4
Methods of Distributing Water
Depending on the topography between the source and the
consumer the following may be used to transport water to
consumers with adequate pressure:

Gravity when the source is at a sufficient elevation above

the consumer to produce the desired pressure. Highly
economical

Pumping Pumps are used to develop the necessary head

(pressure) to distribute to consumers and storage
reservoirs

Pump-Storage System- storage reservoirs are used to

maintain adequate pressure during periods of high demand
and emergency (fires & power failures). During low
consumption, water is pumped and stored in the storage
reservoir. 5
 Capacity Requirements
When designing a water supply
system, a major consideration is
the population to be served, the
fire flows needed and the
proximity to the source.

Categories of water demand are

given in the table and can vary
from city to city or country to
country.

Residential Typical for third world-

135 lpcd
Bath 55 L
Washing Cloths 20 L
WC 30 L
Washing House 10 L
Washing Utensils 10 L
Cooking 5 L
Drinking 5 L
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Capacity Requirements - Water Demand
Demand vary throughout
the 24hr period and can
range
- from 25-40% of the
avg daily demand
between 12.00 to
6.00am
- to as high as 150 to
175% during morning
and evening peak

Demand also vary from

year to year; season to
season; day to day and
house to house
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Capacity Requirements - Water Demand
The range of demand conditions expected within a
distribution are specified by demand factors or peaking
factors. See Table

NOTE:
Max daily demand demand on the day of the year that
uses the most water = 1.8 x Avg daily demand
Max hourly demand the demand during the hour that
uses the most water = 3.25 x avg daily demand

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System Losses
Leaking and overflow from reservoir
Leaking from main and service pipelines
Leaking and losses on premises
Leaking from public taps

In a well maintained system losses are

about 20%. Partially maintained systems
are about 50%

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Capacity Requirements

In water-supply projects the water demand at

the end of the design life of the project forms
the basis for design.
Design flow rate =population (at the end of
service life) x per capita water demand

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Design Periods
Design period: Time periods for which the system
or components is to be adequate (useful life)
The design periods of water & wastewater
facilities depends on several factors including :
Point of diminishing returns:
(Repair and maintenance vs cost of new facility)
Ease of replacement and expansion
Likelihood of obsolescence by technological
advances
Future needs (expected growth)
Cost and interest rate

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Design Period-Drinking Water Systems

(1)Allow for expansion

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Design Period Wastewater Systems

(1)Allow for expansion

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Population Projection

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Population Projection

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Work Example Population Forecast

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Work Example water Demand
A community have a population of 225,000
persons with the average daily demand
600L/capita/day.
1- Calculate the water demand; giving the
following data
Maximum daily demand factor is 1.8
Max. peak hour demand factor is 2.7
Fire demand should be calc for 10 hrs
2- Based on your calculation, Should we
include a storage reservoir in our design
and if yes, estimate the size of the
reservoir
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Work Examples Water Demand

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Work Examples Water Demand

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Work Examples Water Demand

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Work Examples Water Demand

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