Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
5/1/17 2
We want to learn
1. Ductile and Brittle mode of
fracture
2. Ductile to Brittle transition
3. Impact fracture testing methods
4. Fatigue
5. Creep
Any fracture process involves (a) Highly ductile fracture in which the
two stepscrack formation specimen necks down to a point.
(b) Moderately ductile fracture after
and propagationin some
response to an imposed stress. necking.
(c) Brittle fracture without any plastic
deformation.
5/1/17 3
DUCTILE FRACTURE
Mechanism
a. Necking
b. Small cavities, or microvoids, form in
the interior of the cross section
c. Microvoids enlarge, come together, and
coalesce to form an elliptical crack,
which has its long axis perpendicular to
the stress direction.
d. The crack continues to grow
e. Fracture ensues by the rapid propagation
of a crack around the outer perimeter of
the neck by shear deformation at an angle
of about 45o with the tensile axisthis is Figure: Stages in the cup-and-cone fracture.
the angle at which the shear stress is a (a) Initial necking. (b) Small cavity
formation. (c) Coalescence of cavities to
maximum.
form a crack. (d) Crack propagation. (e)
Final shear fracture at a 45 angle relative
5/1/17
to the tensile direction. 4
Sometimes a fracture having this
characteristic surface contour is termed a
cup-and-cone fracture because one
of the mating surfaces is in the form of a
cup and the other like a cone. In this type
of fractured the central interior region of
the surface has an irregular and fibrous
appearance, which is indicative of plastic
cup-and-cone fracture of Aluminum
deformation.
Fractographic Studies
5/1/17 6
Fracture surfaces of materials that fail in a brittle manner have
distinctive patterns, such as chevron marks (V shape) in steel, fan marks
(radial) .
The marks are coarse enough to visualize by naked eye.
5/1/17 7
5/1/17 8
BRITTLE FRACTURE OF CERAMICS
5/1/17 9
For brittle ceramic materials, schematic representations of crack origins and
configurations that result from (a) impact (point contact) loading, (b)
bending, (c) torsional loading, and (d) internal pressure.
5/1/17 10
FRACTURE OF POLYMERS
Thermoplastic The fracture strengths of
Both ductile and brittle modes are polymeric materials are low
possible, and many of these materials relative to those of metals and
are capable of experiencing a ductile- ceramics.
to-brittle transition.
Brittle fracture occurs with
-Reduction in temperature Thermosets (heavily crosslinked
-an increase in strain rate networks)
-the presence of a sharp notch,
-an increase in specimen thickness, -The mode of fracture is brittle.
-any modification of the polymer -Covalent bonds in the network or
structure that raises the glass crosslinked structure are severed
transition temperature (Tg). during fracture.
-Glassy thermoplastics are brittle
below their glass transition
temperatures.
Ductile fracture occurs with
- Raise
5/1/17 in temperature 11
CRAZING IN THERMOPLASTS
5/1/17 13
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
It can be defined as the temperature dependency of absorbed impact
energy of material. Impact energy drops suddenly over a narrow
temperatures range.
Structures constructed
from alloys that exhibit this
ductile-to-brittle behavior
should be used only at
temperatures above the
transition temperature to Photograph of fracture surfaces of A36
avoid brittle and steel Charpy V-notch specimens tested at
catastrophic failure. indicated temperatures (in oC).
5/1/17 14
Polymers
Brittle Ductile
5/1/17 15
Failure in Materials: part 2
Dynamic failure
-Fatigue
-Creep
Deteriorative failure
-Corrosion
-Oxidation
-Failure occurs at a stress level considerably lower than the tensile or yield
strength for a static load.
-Approximately 90% of all metallic failures; polymers and ceramics (except for
glasses) are also susceptible to this type of failure.
CYCLIC STRESSES
a) Reversed stress cycle
b) Repeated stress cycle
c) Random
a) Poor b) improved
3. Surface treatment:
Polishing
Shot pinning
Case hardening
Fatigue strength
imcreased with pinning
Creep
The time-dependent plastic
deformation of metals subjected to a
constant load (or stress) and at
temperatures greater than about
0.4Tm (Tm is the melting
temperature) is termed creep.