Clause a group of related

words that has a subject and a

verb.
There are two types of clauses:
a. Independent (Main Clause)
a group of related words that
has complete idea like a
sentence.
b. Dependent (Subordinate
Clause) a group of related
Example:
Mary was very happy
because she passed the
examination.
Independent Clause Mary
went into the store
Dependent Clause
because she passed the
examination
1. If you help me, I will be
very happy.

Independent clause I will

be very happy
Dependent clause If you
will help me
2. You have to study so that
you will get high grades.
Independent clause You
have to study
Dependent clause so that
you will get high grades
3. Ana loves singing
although she cannot sing
well.

Independent clause Ana

loves singing
Dependent clause
although she cannot sing
well
Sentence Structure:
Sentence Types
 Sentence Types

Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-
Complex
Basic Elements of Every Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE
 Basic Elements

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Mary playstennis.
Simple Sentence
 Simple Sentence
A simple sentence has one

subject and one predicate.

 Simple Sentence

Observehowasimplesentenceisconstructed:

WewenttoSanJuanyesterday.
 Simple Sentence

Pronoun Verb Prepositionalphrase

WewenttoSanJuan.

Simplesubject Completepredicate
 SIMPLE SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Mary playstennis.

one subject one predicate

 Simple Sentence

TomandMary playtennis.

Compound Subject

&
 Simple Sentence

playtennisandswim.
TomandMary

Compound Subject Compound Predicate

& &
 SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject

Tom and Mary play tennis.

 SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject
and
compound predicate

Tom and Mary play tennis and

swim.
Compound Sentence
 Compound Sentence
A compound sentence has more
than one part that can stand
alone (independent clauses).

Independent clauses are

connected by coordinating
conjunctions or a semi-colon.
Compound Sentence

We went to San Juan, and

most of us danced all night.

We went to San Juan,

and
Independent clause

Conjunction

most of us danced all night.

Independent clause
Compound Sentence

Use of Coordinating
Conjunctions

SUBJECT PREDICATE

SUBJECT PREDICATE
Compound Sentence
Tom swims,

and

Mary playstennis.
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.

Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.

Commabeforeand
incompound
sentences!
The independent clauses of
a compound sentence can
also be joined by a
semicolon (;).
Example:
The pupils came out of the
classroom ; they went
straight to the auditorium.
Complex Sentence
 Complex Sentence
A complex sentence has at least
two parts: one that can stand
alone (independent clause) and
another one that cannot stand
alone (dependent clause)
The part that cannot stand alone is
linked to the rest of the sentence
by a subordinating conjunction
 COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Themostcommonsubordinating
conjunctionsare"after,""although,"
"as,""because,""before,""how,"
"if,""once,""since,""than,"
"that,"though,""till,""until,"
"when,""where,""whether,and
while."
 Complex Sentence

Since my boyfriend and I wanted to have

fun,
we went to San Juan yesterday.
 Complex Sentence

Since we wanted to have fun,

Subordinating DependentClause
Conjunction

IndependentClause

we went to San Juan yesterday.

 Complex Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE

eventhough

SUBJECT PREDICATE
Complex Sentence

Bob ispopular

eventhough

he isugly.
 COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

Clause 1
Clause 2
Independent
Dependent
 COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.

Clause 1 Clause 2
Dependent Independent
Compound-Complex
Sentence
CompoundComplexSentence
This type of sentence has more
than one part that can stand
alone (independent clause), and
at least one that cannot
(dependent clause).
2 or more Conjunctions link the
different parts of this sentence.
 Compound-Complex
Sentence
Since we wanted to have fun,

my boyfriend and I went to San Juan yesterday,

and we danced all night.

 CompoundComplexSentence
Subordinating Dependentclause
Conjunction

Since we wanted to have fun,

Independentclause

my boyfriend and I went to San Juan,

Coordinating Independentclause
Conjunction

and we danced all night.

Compound-Complex
Sentence
Mike ispopular

because

he isgoodlooking,

but

he isnotveryhappy.
 Exercises

Say if the following sentences

are:
Simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex.
1. The bell rang. simple

2. Bridget ran the first part of the race,

and Tara biked the second part.
compound

3. He stands at the bottom of the cliff

while the climber moves up the
complex
rock.
simple
4. The boy turned and jumped.
5. Because she studied hard,Compound-
Lea
complex
understood the test and she passed
it.
 Answers
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Simple
5. Compound-complex
1. Because Kayla has so much climbing
experience , we asked her to lead our
group.
2. You and I need piano lessons.
3. I planned to go to the hockey game, but
I couldnt get tickets.
4. Flowers make beautiful gifts if they are
bought from a florist.
5. There are many problems to solve
before this program can be used, but
engineers believe that they will be able
to solve them soon.
 Answers
1. Complex
2. Simple
3. Compound
4. Complex
5. Compound-complex
 References

WritingAcademicEnglish,SecondEdition,byAlice
OshimaandAnnHogue.WhitePlains:Addison,
Wesley,Longman,1999.
TheLittle,BrownHandbook,byH.RamseyFowlerand
JaneE.Aaron,Pearson,2004.