BORN-HABER CYCLES

NaCl
Na+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

H H
H ionisation energy/ies
electron affinity/ies

Na (g) + Cl (g) Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

H
atomisation(s)
Na (s) + Cl2 (g) H lattice energy

of formation

H formation

NaCl (s)
 Na+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

H H
H ionisation energy/ies
electron affinity/ies

Na (g) + Cl (g) Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

H
atomisation(s)
Na (s) + Cl2 (g) H lattice energy

of formation

H formation

Ionic compound
(s)
 Na+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

H H
H ionisation energy/ies
electron affinity/ies

Na (g) + Cl (g) Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

H
atomisation(s)
Elements (std H lattice energy
states) of formation

H formation

Ionic compound
(s)
 Na+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

H H
H ionisation energy/ies
electron affinity/ies

Gas atoms (g) Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

H
atomisation(s)
Elements (std H lattice energy
states) of formation

H formation

Ionic compound
(s)
 Metal ions, e-s, non-metal atoms
(g)
H H electron affinity/ies
H ionisation energy/ies

Gas atoms (g) Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

H
atomisation(s)
Elements (std H lattice energy
states) of formation

H formation

Ionic compound
(s)
 Metal ions, e-s, non-metal atoms
(g)
H H electron affinity/ies
H ionisation energy/ies

Gas atoms (g) Gas ions (g)

H
atomisation(s)
Elements (std H lattice energy
states) of formation

H formation

Ionic compound
(s)
 Metal ions, e-s, non-metal atoms
(g)
H H electron affinity/ies
H ionisation energy/ies

Gas atoms (g) Gas ions (g)

H
atomisation(s)
Elements (std H lattice energy
states) of formation

H formation

Ionic compound
(s)

Hformation = sum of all other Hs

NaCl
Na+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

H H
494 H ionisation energy/ies
364 electron affinity/ies

Na (g) + Cl (g) Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

109 H
121 atomisation(s)
Na (s) + Cl2 (g) H lattice energy
771
of formation

? H formation

NaCl (s)

Hformation = 109 + 121 + 494 364 771 = 411 kJmol-1

MgCl2
Mg2+ (g) + 2 e- + 2 Cl
(g)
H
736 H 2(364) H electron affinity/ies
ionisation energy/ies

1450
Mg (g) + 2 Cl (g) Mg2+ (g) + 2 Cl- (g)
150 H
2(121) atomisation(s)
Mg (s) + Cl2 (g) H lattice energy
?
of formation

642 H formation

MgCl2 (s)

642 = 150 + 2(121) + 736 + 1450 2(364) + Hlattice

Hlattice = 642 150 2(121) 736 1450 + 2 (364)
= 2492 kJ mol-1
KCl Worked examples from worksheet start here

K+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

H
418 H ionisation energy/ies
364 H electron affinity/ies

K (g) + Cl (g) K+ (g) + Cl- (g)

90 H
121 atomisation(s)
K (s) + Cl2 (g) H lattice energy
710
of formation

? H formation

KCl (s)

Hformation = 90 + 121 + 418 364 710 = 445 kJ mol-1

CaBr2
Ca2+ (g) + 2 e- + 2 Br
(g)
H
590 H 2(342) H electron affinity/ies
ionisation energy/ies

1150
Ca (g) + 2 Br(g) Ca2+ (g) + 2 Br- (g)
193 H
2(112) atomisation(s)
Ca (s) + Br2 (l) H lattice energy
2125
of formation

? H formation

CaBr2 (s)

Hformation = 193 + 2(112) + 590 + 1150 2(342) 2125

= 652 kJ mol-1
 Al2O3
2 Al3+ (g) + 6 e- + 3 O
(g)
H
2(577) H 3(142) H electron affinity/ies
ionisation energy/ies
2(1820)
3(844)
2(2740) 2 Al (g) + 3 O 2 Al3+ (g) + 2 O2-
(g) (g)
2(314) H
3(248) atomisation(s)
2 Al (s) + 3/2 O2 H lattice energy
?
(g) of formation

1669 H formation

Al2O3 (s)

1669 = 2(314) + 3(248) + 2(577) + 2(1820) + 2(2740) + 3(-142) + 3(844) + H

H = 1669 2(314) 3(248) 2(577) 2(1820) 2(2740) + 3(142) 3(844)
= 15421 kJ mol-1
CaO
Ca2+ (g) + 2 e- + O (g)

H
590 H ionisation energy/ies
142 H electron affinity/ies

1150 +844
Ca (g) + O (g) Ca2+ (g) + O2- (g)
193 H
248 atomisation(s)
Ca (s) + O2 (g) H lattice energy
?
of formation

635 H formation

CaO (s)

635 = 193 + 248 + 590 + 1150 142 + 844 + Hlattice

Hlattice = 635 193 248 590 1150 + 142 844
= 3518 kJ mol-1
CaI2
Ca2+ (g) + 2 e- + 2 I (g)

H
590 H ionisation energy/ies
2X H electron affinity/ies

1150
Ca (g) + 2 I(g) Ca2+ (g) + 2 I- (g)
193 H
2(107) atomisation(s)
Ca (s) + I2 (s) H lattice energy
2054
of formation

535 H formation

CaI2 (s)

535 = 193 + 2(107) + 590 + 1150 + 2X 2054

2X = 535 193 2(107) 590 1150 2054
2X = - 628 X = 314 kJ mol-1
CuO
Cu2+ (g) + 2 e- + O (g)

H
745 H ionisation energy/ies
142 H electron affinity/ies

1960 +844
Cu (g) + O (g) Cu2+ (g) + O2- (g)
X H
248 atomisation(s)
Cu (s) + O2 (g) H lattice energy
4149
of formation

155 H formation

CuO (s)

155 = X + 248 + 745 + 1960 142 + 844 4149

X = 155 248 745 1960 + 142 844 + 4149
= + 339 kJ mol-1
CoCl
Co+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

H
757 H ionisation energy/ies
364 H electron affinity/ies

Co (g) + Cl(g) Co+ (g) + Cl- (g)

427 H
121 atomisation(s)
Co (s) + Cl2 (g) H lattice energy
700
of formation

? H formation

CoCl (s)

Hformation = 427 + 121 + 757 364 700

= + 241 kJ mol-1
CoCl2
Co2+ (g) + 2 e- + 2 Cl (g)

H
757 H ionisation energy/ies
2(364) H electron affinity/ies

1640
Co (g) + 2 Cl(g) Co2+ (g) + 2 Cl- (g)
427 H
2(121) atomisation(s)
Co (s) + Cl2 (g) H lattice energy
2624
of formation

? H formation

CoCl2 (s)

Hformation = 427 + 2(121) + 757 + 1640 2(364) 2624

= 286 kJ mol-1
CoCl3
Co3+ (g) + 3 e- + 2 Cl (g)

H
757 H ionisation energy/ies
3(364) H electron affinity/ies

1640
3230 Co (g) + 3 Cl(g) Co3+ (g) + 3 Cl- (g)
427 H
3(121) atomisation(s)
Co (s) + 3
/2 Cl2 (g) H lattice energy
5350
of formation

? H formation

CoCl3 (s)

Hformation = 427 + 3(121) + 757 + 1640 + 3230 3(364) 5350

= 25 kJ mol-1