Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
KINEMATICS OF FLUID
FLOW
3.1: Types of Fluid Flow.
3.1.1: Real - or - Ideal fluid.
3.1.2: Laminar - or - Turbulent Flows.
3.1.3: Steady - or - Unsteady flows.
3.1.4: Uniform - or - Non-uniform Flows.
3.1.5: One, Two - or - Three Dimensional Flows.
3.1.6: Rational - or - Irrational Flows.
3.2: Circulation - or - Vorticity.
3.3: Stream Lines, Flow Field and Stream Tube.
3.4: Velocity and Acceleration in Flow Field.
3.5: Continuity Equation for One Dimensional Steady
Flow.
1
Fluid Flow Kinematics
Fluid Kinematics deals with the motion of
fluids without considering the forces and
moments which create the motion.
We define field variables which are functions of space and time
Pressure field,
Velocity field P P ( x, y , z , t )
r r
V V x, y , z , t
r r r r
V u x, y , z , t i v x, y , z , t j w x , y , z , t k
r r
Acceleration field, a a x, y , z , t
r r r r
a a x x, y , z , t i a y x, y , z , t j a z x , y , z , t k
Types of fluid Flow
1. Real and Ideal Flow:
.If the fluid is considered frictionless with zero viscosity it is called ideal
In real fluids the viscosity is considered and shear stresses occur causing
conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy
Ideal
Real
Friction = 0 Friction = o
Ideal Flow ( =0) Real Flow ( 0)
Energy loss =0 Energy loss = 0
Steady and Unsteady Flow. 2
Steady flow occurs when conditions of a point in a flow field dont change
with respect to time ( v, p, H..changes w.r.t. time
0 steady
t
0 unsteady
t
H=constant
H constant
V=constant
V constant
Y Y
x x
Uniform Flow means that the Non- uniform Flow means velocity
velocity is constant at certain time in changes at certain time in different
different positions (doesnt depend positions ( depends on dimension
on any dimension x or y or z( x or y or z(
uniform
0
x
0 Non-uniform
x
4. One , Two and three Dimensional Flow : y
One dimensional flow means that Two dimensional flow means that
the flow velocity is function of one the flow velocity is function
coordinate of two coordinates
V = f( X or Y or Z ) V = f( X,Y or X,Z or Y,Z )
The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in
.the flow direction, V = V(r)
8
5. Laminar and Turbulent Flow:
Vmean Vmean
Vmax Vmax
5. Laminar and Turbulent Flow (cont.):
:Rotational and irrotational flows
r rotation of two
. The rotation is the average valueof lines in the flow
If this average = 0 then there is no rotation and the flow is called irrotational flow ) i(
6. Streamline:
dy v
tan
dx u
u v
dx dy
in general for 3 D
y
V u 2 v2 w2
:velocity vector can written as
r r r r
V ui vj wk
:Where
i, j, k are the unit vectors in +ve x, y, z directions
Acceleration Field
From Newton's second law,
r r
Fparticle m particle a particle
The acceleration of the particle is the time derivative of the particle's velocity.
Mathematically the total derivative equals the sum of the partial derivatives
u u u u
du dx dy dz dt
x y z t
du u dx u dy u dz u
ax
dt x dt y dt z dt t
u u u u
ax u v w
x y z t
u u u u
ax u v w
x y z t
Convective component
Local component
:Similarly
v v v v
ay u v w
x y z t
w w w w
az u v w
x y z t
a a2x a2 y a2z
NASCAR surface pressure contours Airplane surface pressure contours,
and streamlines volume streamlines, and surface
streamlines
7. Streamtube:
Is a bundle of streamlines
fluid within a streamtube remain constant
and cannot cross the boundary of the streamtube.
Rotational translation
Linear deformation
angular deformation
:Rotational Flow & Irrotational Flow- 8
( The rate of rotation can be expressed or equal to the angular velocity vector
):
1 w v 1 u w 1 v u
i j k
2 y z 2 z x 2 x y
:Note
1 w v
x
2 y z
1 u w
y
2 z x
1 v u
z
2 x y
:The flow is side to be rotational if
x or y or z 0
x y z 0
Irrotational flow
:Vorticity ( )- 9
w v
x
y z
u w
y
z x
v u
z
x y
:Circulation ( )- 10
cos .
:NOTE
The flow is irrotational if =0, =0, =0
For 2-D Cartesian Coordinates Y
u
u dy
y
v
v dy + v dx
x
dx
x
u
v u
d udx (v
x
dx ) dy (u
y
dy ) dx vdy
v u
( ) dxdy
x y
z . area
= . area
Conservation of Mass ( Continuity
)Mass can neither be created norEquation
destroyed( )
The general equation of continuity for three dimensional steady flow
w v.dx.dz
( w dz ).dxdy
z
z
u
( u dx).dy.dz
dz x
u.dy.dz
dx
x
dy
v w.dxdy
( v dy ).dx.dz
y
u u
= - u.dy.dz
= Net ( u
mass dx).dy.dz
in x-direction dx.dy.dz
x x
v v
= - v.dx.dz
= Net ( v
mass in dy ).dx.dz
y-direction dx.dy.dz
y y
w w
= - ( w
w.dx.dy = Net in dz
mass ).dx.dy
z-direction dx.dy.dz
z z
u v w
=
x y z t
u v w
= 0
t x y z
u v w
0
t x y z
u v w
0
t x y z
u v w
0
x y z
Note : The above eqn. can be used for steady & unsteady for
incompressible fluid
:For 2-D- 3 u v
0
x y
u w
0
x z
v w
0
y z