Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PENGELOLAAN SDALH
BIODRYING
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SUSTAINANBLE ENERGY
http://www.epem.gr/waste-c-
control/database/html/Biodrying-05.htm
Dikoleksi oleh: smno.psdl.ppsub.2013
Biodrying adalah proses
dimana limbah
biodegradable dengan
cepat dipanaskan melalui
fase-fase initial
pengkomposan untuk
menguapkan air dari
limbah sehingga
mengurangi bobotnya
Pengolahan Limbah
Through proper waste management, it can
be converted into valuable products by
composting, or energy by waste-to-energy
processes such as anaerobic digestion and
http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/biodegradable-
incineration. As part of an
waste/treatment.html integrated
diunduh 17/3/2012waste
BIODRYING
In biodrying processes, the drying rates are augmented
by biological heat in addition to forced aeration. The
major portion of biological heat, naturally available
through the aerobic degradation of organic matter, is
utilized to evaporate surface and bound water
associated with the mixed sludge. This heat generation
assists in reducing the moisture content of the biomass
without the need for supplementary fossil fuels, and
with minimal electricity consumption (Navaee-Ardeh ,
Bertrand , Stuart, 2006)
Limbah-limbah biodegradable
lainnya, termasuk limbah
manusia, kandang ternak, rumah
potong hewan, limbah dapur.
Dalam kondisi tidak ada oksigen,
libah-limbah ini akan mengalami
perombakan anerobik
menghasilkan gas methan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_waste diunduh
BIODEGRADASI
Biosurfactant, merupakan
surfaktan ekstraseluler yang
dihasilkan oleh mikroba, dapat
memacu proses biodegradasi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation diunduh
BAHAN ORGANIK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_material diunduh
BIOMASA
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological
material from living, or recently living organisms. As an
energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or
converted into other energy products such as biofuel.
In the first sense, biomass is plant matter used to
generate electricity with steam turbines & gasifiers or
produce heat, usually by direct combustion. Examples
include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches
and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even
municipal solid waste.
Velis
C. et al. (2010) Production and quali
ty assurance of solid recovered fuels
using mechanicalbiological treatment
(MBT) of waste: a comprehensive assess
ment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuse-derived_fuel diunduh
RDF PROCESSING METHODS
Biological can also refer to a composting stage. Here the organic component is broken down by
naturally occurring aerobic microorganisms. They breakdown the waste into carbon dioxide and
compost. There is no green energy produced by systems employing only composting treatment
for the biodegradable waste.
In the case of biodrying, the waste material undergoes a period of rapid heating through the
action of aerobic microbes. During this partial composting stage the heat generated by the
microbes result in rapid drying of the waste. These systems are often configured to produce a
refuse-derived fuel where a dry, light material is advantageous for later transport combustion.
By processing the biodegradable waste either by anaerobic digestion or by composting MBT
technologies help to reduce the contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming.
Further advantages:
11. Small fraction of inert residual waste
12. Reduction of the waste volume to be deposited to at least a half (density > 1.3 t/m), thus the
lifetime of the landfill is at least twice as long as usually
13. Utilisation of the leachate in the process
14. Landfill gas not problematic as biological component of waste has been stabilised
15. Daily covering of landfill not necessary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment diunduh
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF)
The conversion process is divided into five stages. The process may be
divided into five stages: Preliminary Liberation, size screening, magnetic
separation, coarse shredding where shredding and compression comes
to make it easier to dissolve the waste to energy, and refining
separation. Electricity Generation is the primary use of Refuse Derived
Fuel. It helps resolve the underlying concerns due to consumption of
energy means. Refuse derived fuel process is also classified as a type of
green energy as the production of Refuse Derived Fuel use waste which
also lessens and eliminates raw materials in exchange for a clean
energy source. It is considered as one of the great innovation of our
http://www.spectrumbluesteel.com/blog/2011/08/09/refuse-derived-fuel-
present time because it resolves both waste management and energy
rdf-process/
dilemmas. This process
lessens diunduh
the 7/3/2012
emission of gas in the air, and it
Specified Recovered Fuel or Solid
Recovered Fuel (SRF)
Beneficiation of RDF
The use of mechanical screening to produce a
very high-quality RDF in terms of a reasonably
high heating value, a low moisture content, and
a low ash content .
http://www.spectrumbluesteel.com/blog/2011/08/03/rdf-turning-waste-
into-good-use/ diunduh 7/3/2012
REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL
RDF is produced by processing MSW to increase the fuel value
of the waste. The processing removes incombustible materials
such as dirt, glass, metals, and very wet organics, and it makes
RDF more consistent in size than raw MSW. RDF can be burned
for fuel by itself or cofired with other fuels.
In addition, the data presented in this section cover only new
facilities. Emissions and energy balances for older facilities
might differ from those presented here.
http://www.oocities.org/markal_bppt/publish/biofbbm/biraha.pdf
diunduh 17/3/2012
PRODUKSI BIODIESEL
Blok Diagram Proses Biodiesel
(TEKNOLOGI PROSES PRODUKSI BIODIESEL, Martini Rahayu.
http://www.oocities.org/markal_bppt/publish/biofbbm/biraha.pdf
)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesterification diunduh
PRODUKSI BIODIESEL
Produksi biodiesel adalah proses memproduksi
biofuel, biodiesel, baik melalui transesterifikasi
atau alkoholisis.
Ini melibatkan reaksi minyak nabati atau lemak
hewan SECARA katalisis dengan alkohol alifatik
rantai pendek (biasanya metanol atau etanol).
Feedstock pretreatment
If waste vegetable oil (WVO) is used, it is filtered to remove dirt, charred
food, and other non-oil material often found. Water is removed because
its presence causes the triglycerides to hydrolyze, giving salts of the
fatty acids (soaps) instead of undergoing transesterification to give
biodiesel.
Reactions
While adding the base, a slight excess is factored in to provide the
catalyst for the transesterification. The calculated quantity of base
(usually sodium hydroxide) is added slowly to the alcohol and it is stirred
until it dissolves. Sufficient alcohol is added to make up three full
equivalents of the triglyceride, and an excess of usually six parts alcohol
to one part triglyceride is added to drive the reaction to completion.
Pemurnian Produk
Produk reaksi tidak hanya mencakup biodiesel,
tetapi juga produk sampingan, sabun, gliserin,
alkohol berlebih, dan sedikit air. Semua produk
sampingan tersebut harus dihilangkan,
meskipun urutan penghilangannya tergantung
pada proses. Kepadatan gliserin lebih besar
daripada biodiesel, dan perbedaan sifat ini
dimanfaatkan untuk memisahkan produk
sampingan gliserin. Sisa metanol biasanya
dikeluarkan melalui penyulingan dan digunakan
kembali, meskipun dapat dicuci (dengan air)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production diunduh 7/3/2012
sebagai limbah. Sabun dapat diambilatau diubah
REAKSI TRANS-ESTERIFIKASI
Transesterifikasi
Triglycerides (1) are reacted with an alcohol such as
ethanol (2) to give ethyl esters of fatty acids (3) and
glycerol (4):
Animal and plant fats and oils are typically made of triglycerides
which are esters containing three free fatty acids and the
trihydric alcohol, glycerol. In the transesterification process, the
alcohol is deprotonated with a base to make it a stronger
nucleophile. Commonly, ethanol or methanol are used. As can be
seen, the reaction has no other inputs than the triglyceride and
the alcohol.
Normally, this reaction will proceed either exceedingly slowly or
not at all. Heat, as well as an acid or base are used to help the
reaction proceed more quickly. It is important to note that the
acid or base are not consumed by the transesterification reaction,
thus they are not reactants but catalysts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production diunduh
REAKSI ESTERIFIKASI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production diunduh
KATALISATOR PROSES ESTERIFIKASI
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap15.pdf diunduh
Desirable range of important waste parameters for
technical
viability of energy recovery:
METHANOGENS
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap15.pdf diunduh
KONVERSI BIOKIMIA
Calorific value.
The calories or thermal units contained in one unit
of a substance and released when the substance is
burned.
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/calorific+value)
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap15.pdf diunduh
TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap15.pdf diunduh
8/3/2012
Different Designs and Configurations of AD
Systems
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap15.pdf diunduh
REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL (RDF) BASED POWER
PLANTS:
In an RDF plant, waste is processed before burning. Typically,
the noncombustible items are removed, separating glass and
metals for recycling. The combustible waste is shredded into a
smaller, more uniform particle size for burning. The RDF thus
produced may be burned in boilers on-site, or it may be shipped
to off-site boilers for energy conversion. If the RDF is to be used
off-site, it is usually densified into pellets through the
process of pelletisation.
The net calorific value, also known as the lower calorific value (LCV),
assumes that the water formed by combustion and also the water of
constitution of the fuel remains in vapour form. In industrial practice
it is not practicable to reduce the temperature of the combustion
products below dew point to condense the moisture present and
recover its latent heat, thus the latent heat of the vapour is not
available for heating purposes and must be subtracted from the HCV.
By ASTM standards the HCV is calculated at atmospheric pressure
and at 20C. LCV of bagasse is calculated by the formula:
LCV=[18 309 - 207,6 (moisture % sample) - 196,05 (ash % sample) -
31,14 (brix % sample)] kJ.kg-1
(http://www.sugartech.co.za/extraction/bagasseCV/index.php)
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap15.pdf diunduh
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap15.pdf diunduh
TEMPERATURE
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Sustainable energy
Sources People are
constantly keeping an
eye out for new sources
of fuel because of the
constantly high price of
gasoline. Drivers are
generally upset that they
pay more every time
they fill at the gas pump.
Sumber:
http://carscentre.com/tag
/sources-of-energy
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars
of sustainable energy. Some ways in which sustainable energy has
been defined are:
diunduh 7/3/2012
ENERGI HIJAU
diunduh 7/3/2012
GREEN ENERGI
SUMBER: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/grenergy.htm
diunduh 7/3/2012
LISTRIK ENERGI SURYA
The World Wide Fund for Nature and several green electricity
labelling organizations have created the Eugene Green Energy
Standard under which the national green electricity certification
schemes can be accredited to ensure that the purchase of
green energy leads to the provision of additional new green
energy resources (Eugene Green Energy Standard, Eugene
Network. Retrieved 2007-06-07)
Production of electricity from solar energy
Heating the coolant directly with solar rays turns water into
steam, which then turns the turbo-alternator to produce
electricity.
Sumber: http://visual.merriam-webster.com/energy/solar-energy/production-electricity-
from-solar-energy.php diunduh 17/3/2012
Bioenergy
Courtesy of NASA at
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/carbon_cycle_diagram.jpg
diunduh 8/3/2012
ENERGI BIOMASA
Biomass is an attractive energy source for a number of reasons.
First, it is a renewable energy source as long as we manage
vegetation appropriately. Biomass is also more evenly
distributed over the earth's surface than finite energy sources,
and may be exploited using less capital-intensive technologies.
It provides the opportunity for local, regional, and national
energy self-sufficiency across the globe. It provides an
alternative to fossil fuels, and helps to reduce climate change.
It helps local farmers who may be struggling and provides rural
job opportunites.
Energy from Biomass
Farmers and food processors produce or manage large volumes of
energy-rich organic materials, which can be further processed to
obtain usable forms of energy. There are several ways farmers and
other businesses can tap into the energy potential found in
biomass.
Agriculture crop residues include corn stover (stalks and leaves), wheat
straw, rice straw and processing residues such as nut hulls. With
approximately 80 million acres of corn planted annually, corn stover is
expected to become a major biomass resource for bioenergy
applications .
http://www.inverter-china.com/blog/articles/green-energy/Definition-of-
biogas.html diunduh 17/3/2012
TANAMAN ENERGI
diunduh 8/3/2012
Industrial Crops
Industrial crops are being developed and grown to produce
specific industrial chemicals or materials. Examples include
kenaf and straws for fiber, and castor for ricinoleic acid. New
transgenic crops are being developed that produce the desired
chemicals as part of the plant composition, requiring only
extraction and purification of the product.
Agricultural Crops
These feedstocks include the currently available commodity
products such as cornstarch and corn oil; soybean oil and meal;
wheat starch, other vegetable oils, and any newly developed
component of future commodity crops. They generally yield
sugars, oils, and extractives, although they can also be used to
produce plastics and other chemicals and products.
Aquatic Crops
A wide variety of aquatic biomass
resources exist such as algae, giant
kelp, other seaweed, and marine
microflora. Commercial examples
include giant kelp extracts for
thickeners and food additives, algal
dyes, and novel biocatalysts for use in
bioprocessing under extreme
environments .
diunduh 8/3/2012
BAHAN BAKAR HAYATI
http://www.biofuelindonesia.com/about.html diunduh
ASAL-USUL BIOFUEL
The most common types of biofuel are originated from specifically
grown agricultural products. This include:
- Corn and Soybeans, primarily in the United States;
- Flaxseed and Rapeseed, primarily in Europe;
- Sugar Cane in Brazil;
- Palm Oil in South-East Asia;
- Jatropha Curcas, primarily in India.
Bioethanol
Bioethanol comes from anhydrous alcohol produced from the
fermentation of sugar cane, cassava, or corn. Green Diesel is a
blend of Plantation Oil and Crude Oil, processed in an oil
refinery without adding methanol.
Palm Oil, Straight Jatropha Oil (SJO) and Soybean Oil can all be
used as an additive for Diesel fuel (15% PPO, 85% Diesel)
without needing any special equipment. However, with the use
of convertor, PPO can be used to purely replace Diesel fuel (up
to 100% of the composition), resulting in discontinue need for
Diesel fuel.
http://www.praj.net/agri_servic
es.asp
http://don85.wordpress.com/2008/01/16/biofuel-development-di-
indonesia/ diunduh 8/3/2012
PRODUK DARI BIO-FUEL
Bio-Ethanol: digunakan sebagai pengganti BBM
(Gasoline) pada transportasi, dengan target 10%. Bahan
bakunya adalah dari Sugar cane (Tanaman Tebu) dan
Cassava (Ubi Kayu).
Bahan bakar hayati atau biofuel adalah setiap bahan bakar baik
padatan, cairan ataupun gas yang dihasilkan dari bahan-bahan organik.
Biofuel dapat dihasilkan secara langsung dari tanaman atau secara
tidak langsung dari limbah industri, komersial, domestik atau pertanian.
Ada tiga cara untuk pembuatan biofuel: pembakaran limbah organik
kering (seperti buangan rumah tangga, limbah industri dan pertanian);
fermentasi limbah basah (seperti kotoran hewan) tanpa oksigen untuk
menghasilkan biogas (mengandung hingga 60 persen metana), atau
fermentasi tebu atau jagung untuk menghasilkan alkohol dan ester; dan
energi dari hutan (menghasilkan kayu dari tanaman yang cepat tumbuh
sebagai bahan bakar).
Proses fermentasi menghasilkan dua tipe biofuel: alkohol dan ester.
Bahan-bahan ini secara teori dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan
bahan bakar fosil tetapi karena kadang-kadang diperlukan perubahan
besar pada mesin, biofuel biasanya dicampur dengan bahan bakar fosil.
Uni Eropa merencanakan 5,75 persen etanol yang dihasilkan dari
gandum, bit, kentang atau jagung ditambahkan pada bahan bakar fosil
pada tahun 2010 dan 20 persen pada 2020. Sekitar seperempat bahan
bakar transportasi di Brazil tahun 2002 adalah etanol.
Biofuel menawarkan kemungkinan memproduksi energi tanpa
meningkatkan kadar karbon di atmosfer karena berbagai tanaman yang
digunakan untuk memproduksi biofuel mengurangi kadar
karbondioksida di atmosfer, tidak seperti bahan bakar fosil yang
mengembalikan karbon yang tersimpan di bawah permukaan tanah
selama jutaan tahun ke udara. Dengan begitu biofuel lebih bersifat
carbon neutral dan sedikit meningkatkan konsentrasi gas-gas rumah
kaca di atmosfer (meski timbul keraguan apakah keuntungan ini bisa
dicapai di dalam prakteknya). Penggunaan biofuel mengurangi pula
ketergantungan pada minyak bumi serta meningkatkan keamanan
energi.
SUMBER:
http://www.treehugger.
com/clean-
technology/algenols-
algae-to-ethanol-
delivers-67-to-87-
reduction-in-co2.html
http://grmike.blogspot.com/2011/08/biofuels-getting-heavy-investment-
from.html diunduh 8/3/2012
THE BENEFITS OF MAKING ETHANOL
FROM ALGAE
Algae have many important advantages over other oil-
producing crops, like corn, canola and soybeans. It can
be grown in almost any enclosed space and it
multiplies rapidly and requires very few inputs to
flourish - mainly just sunlight, water and carbon
dioxide. "Because algae has a high surface-area-to-
volume ratio, it can absorb nutrients very quickly, and
its small size is what makes it mighty." The EROI -
Energy Returned is much higher than Energy Invested or
required to produce algae ethanol.
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2008/adit8i2/benefit.html
BIODIESEL FROM ALGAE
https://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Parry.Saulenas
ALGAE untuk BIODIESEL & ETHANO L
GreenFuel Technologies Corporation that is based in
Cambridge, Massachusetts is based upon cultivating
and producing algae that can produce high numbers of
biodiesel and ethanol.
Bioalcohols
The main bioalcohol fuels used today are ethanol and to a lesser
extent methanol. Methanol is the simpler and less energy-rich fuel
of the two. It is most commonly produced by gasification of biomass
into a hydro-carbon rich gas called syngas from which methanol is
then obtained. While the process itself is not costly nor complicated,
it is only suitable for large scale production due to the large
quantities of biomass needed. Methanol has approximately half the
energy content of gasoline while at the same time costing much,
much less and producing about 20% less toxic emissions.
Ethanol is more energy rich when compared to methanol although it
is still slightly less energy rich than gasoline itself. The most popular
method of production of ethanol is simple fermentation of sugar.
Sugar can come from a number of crops depending on the
geographical location. Currently, the gasoline used in many
countries around the world contains up to 10% of ethanol to offset
the price. Ethanol is particularly popular in Brazil where many cars
have a so called Flex engine which can be run on pure ethanol or
gasoline or a mixture of both.
(http://renewableenergyindex.com/renewable-energy-
https://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Parry.Saulenas
sources/biological-energy/types-of-biofuels)
diunduh 15/3/2012
ALGAE untuk BIODIESEL & ETHANO L
https://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Parry.Saulenas
Sumber: http://climatelab.org/Biofuels ...... diunduh
10/3/2012
BIO-ALCOHOLS
Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, and colorless alcohol derived from
sugars and starches in biomass such as sorghum, wheat, rice, or
yard clippings; in the United States it is typically made from corn.
Ethanol can be combined with gasoline in varying concentrations,
usually to be used in gasoline engines. E10, which contains 10%
ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline, can be used in almost all
conventional gasoline engines and is covered under warranty by
every major U.S. automobile manufacturer. E85, or 85% ethanol, is
considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of
1992.This blend can only be used in E85-capable flexible fuel
vehicles (FFVs), which are available in a variety of models from U.S.
and foreign automakers.
http://www.extension.org/pages/26614/life-cycle-analysis-for-
biofuels diunduh 17/3/2012
BIO OILS: BIODIESEL
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21550632 diunduh
11/3/2012
Biostabilizationbiodrying of municipal solid
waste by inverting air-flow
Mara Sugni, Enrico Calcaterra, Fabrizio Adani.
Bioresource Technology
Volume 96, Issue 12, August 2005, Pages 13311337
ABSTRACT
The process of biodrying could be a good solution for municipal
solid waste management, allowing the production of fuel with
an interesting energy content. Previous work (Adani, F., Baido,
D., Calcaterra, E., Genevini, P.L., 2002. The influence of biomass
temperature on biostabilizationbiodrying of municipal solid
waste. Bioresource Technology 83 (3), 173179) has indicated
that appropriate management of the processing parameters
(air-flow rate and biomass temperatures) could achieve
biomass drying in very short times (89days). However, the
data of that work also evidenced that if the conditions do not
consider pile turning, and the air-flow is always from one
direction, temperature gradients arise within the biomass,
resulting in a lack of homogeneity in the moisture and energy
content of the final product. Therefore, a new laboratory study
was conducted on municipal solid waste biodrying
biostabilization in an effort to obtain homogeneous final
products. Our proposal to solve this lack of homogeneity is to
periodically invert the air-flow direction. Thus, in line with a
previous study, two trials, A and B, were carried out, dividing
the biomass into three layers to study temperature and
moisture gradients throughout the process, and a third trial (C)
simulating air-flow inversion at regular intervals was
introduced.
ABSTRACT
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07373937.2
Effect of air-flow rate and turning frequency on
bio-drying of dewatered sludge
Ling Zhao, Wei-Mei Gu, Pin-Jing He, , Li-Ming Shao
Water Research. Vol. 44, Issue 20, December 2010, Pages
61446152
Sludge bio-drying is an approach for biomass energy
utilization, in which sludge is dried by means of the heat
generated by aerobic degradation of its organic
substances. The study aimed at investigating the
interactive influence of air-flow rate and turning
frequency on water removal and biomass energy
utilization. Results showed that a higher air-flow rate
(0.0909m3h1kg1) led to lower temperature than did
the lower one (0.0455m3h1kg1) by 17.0% and 13.7%
under turning per two days and four days. With the
higher air-flow rate and lower turning frequency,
temperature cumulation was almost similar to that with
the lower air-flow rate and higher turning frequency. The
doubled air-flow rate improved the total water removal
ratio by 2.86% (19.5gkg1 initial water) and 11.5%
(75.0gkg1 initial water) with turning per two days and
four days respectively, indicating that there was no
remarkable advantage for water removal with high air-
flow rate, especially with high turning frequency. The
heat used for evaporation was 60.672.6% of the total
heat consumption (34,40045,400kJ). The higher air-
flow rate enhanced volatile solids (VS) degradation thus
improving heat generation by 1.95% (800kJ) and 8.96%
(3200kJ) with turning per two days and four days. With
the higher air-flow rate, heat consumed by sensible heat
of inlet air and heat utilization efficiency for evaporation
http:// than the lower one. With the higher turning
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135410004707
was higher
diunduh
frequency, sensible heat11/3/2012
of materials and heat
Drying Technology: An International Journal . Vol. 24, Issue 7,
2006.
Emerging Biodrying Technology for the Drying of
Pulp and Paper Mixed Sludges.
Shahram Navaee-Ardeh, Franois Bertrand & Paul R. Stuart. pages 863-
878.
ABSTRACT
Effective sludge management is increasingly critical for pulp
and paper mills due to high landfill costs and complex
regulatory frameworks for options such as sludge
landspreading and composting. Sludge dewatering challenges
are exacerbated at many mills due to improved in-plant fiber
recovery coupled with increased production of secondary
sludge, leading to a mixed sludge with a high proportion of
biological matter that is difficult to dewater. Various drying
technologies have emerged to address this challenge of sludge
management, whose objective is to increase the dryness of
mixed sludge to above critical levels (42% dryness) for
efficient and economic combustion in the boiler for steam
generation. The advantages and disadvantages of these
technologies are reviewed in this article, and it is found that
many have significant technical uncertainties and/or
questionable economics. A biodrying process, enhanced by
biological heat generation under forced aeration, is introduced
that has significant promise. A techno-economic analysis of the
batch biodrying process at a case study mill showed an annual
operating cost savings of about $2 million, including the
elimination of landfilling practices and supplemental fuel
requirements in the boiler. It was shown that if a biodrying
residence time of less than 4 days can be achieved, payback
periods of 2 years or less can result in many mills.
ABSTRACT
Three treatments were tested to investigate the release
concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the
bio-drying of municipal solid waste (MSW) by the aerobic and
combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes.
ABSTRACT
Biodrying is the process by which biodegradable waste is
rapidly heated through initial stages of composting to remove
moisture from a waste stream and hence reduce its overall
weight. In biodrying processes, the drying rates are augmented
by biological heat in addition to forced aeration. The major
portion of biological heat, naturally available through the
aerobic degradation of organic matter, is utilized to evaporate
surface and bound water associated with the mixed sludge.
This heat generation assists in reducing the moisture content of
the biomass without the need for supplementary fossil fuels,
and with minimal electricity consumption. It can take as little as
8 days to dry waste in this manner. This enables reduced costs
of disposal if landfill is charged on a cost per tonne basis.
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/21/20974.htm diunduh
Composting Strategies for High Moisture
Manures
Tom L. Richard, Ph.D. (Department of Agricultural and
Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University )
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/21/20974.htm diunduh
Composting Strategies for High Moisture
Manures
Tom L. Richard, Ph.D. (Department of Agricultural and
Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University )
What is compost?
Compost is decomposed organic material. Compost is made
with material such as leaves, shredded twigs, and kitchen
scraps from plants.
To gardeners, compost is considered "black gold" because
of its many benefits in the garden. Compost is a great
material for garden soil. Adding compost to clay soils
makes them easier to work and plant. In sandy soils, the
addition of compost improves the water holding capacity of
the soil. By adding organic matter to the soil, compost can
help improve plant growth and health.
(http://urbanext.illinois.edu/compost/process.cfm)
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/21/20974.htm diunduh
Composting Strategies for High Moisture
Manures
Tom L. Richard, Ph.D. (Department of Agricultural and
Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University )
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/21/20974.htm diunduh
where
Composting Strategies for High Moisture
Manures
Tom L. Richard, Ph.D. (Department of Agricultural and
Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University )
Where
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/21/20974.htm diunduh
Water Res. 2010 Dec;44(20):6144-52. Epub 2010 Jul 13.
Effect of air-flow rate and turning frequency on
bio-drying of dewatered sludge.
Zhao L, Gu WM, He PJ, Shao LM.
ABSTRACT
Sludge bio-drying is an approach for biomass energy
utilization, in which sludge is dried by means of the heat
generated by aerobic degradation of its organic
substances. The study aimed at investigating the
interactive influence of air-flow rate and turning frequency
on water removal and biomass energy utilization.
ABSTRACT
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511273 diunduh
Bioresour Technol. 2009 Feb;100(3):1087-93. Epub 2008
Oct 1.
Effect of inoculation time on the bio-drying
performance of combined hydrolytic-aerobic
process.
Zhang DQ, He PJ, Yu LZ, Shao LM.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Abstract
A laboratory study was carried out to obtain data on the
influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization-
biodrying of municipal solid waste (initial moisture content of
410 g kg wet weight (w.w.)(-1)). Three trials were carried out
at three different biomass temperatures, obtained by airflow
rate control (A = 70 degrees C, B = 60 degrees C and C = 45
degrees C).
ABSTRA
CT
The process of biodrying could be a good solution for
municipal solid waste management, allowing the production
of fuel with an interesting energy content. Previous work
(Adani, F., Baido, D., Calcaterra, E., Genevini, P.L., 2002. The
influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization-
biodrying of municipal solid waste. Bioresource Technology
83 (3), 173-179) has indicated that appropriate
management of the processing parameters (air-flow rate
and biomass temperatures) could achieve biomass drying in
very short times (8-9 days). However, the data of that work
also evidenced that if the conditions do not consider pile
turning, and the air-flow is always from one direction,
temperature gradients arise within the biomass, resulting in
a lack of homogeneity in the moisture and energy content
of the final product.
Therefore, a new laboratory study was conducted on
municipal solid waste biodrying-biostabilization in an effort
to obtain homogeneous final products. Our proposal to
solve this lack of homogeneity is to periodically invert the
air-flow direction. Thus, in line with a previous study, two
trials, A and B, were carried out, dividing the biomass into
three layers to study temperature and moisture gradients
throughout the process, and a third trial (C) simulating air-
flow inversion at regular intervals was introduced. The
results suggest that the daily inversion of air-flow
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15792579 eliminates
diunduh
Bioresour Technol. 2009 Jun;100(11):2747-61. Epub 2009 Feb 11.
Biodrying for mechanical-biological treatment of
wastes: a review of process science and
engineering.
Velis C.A, Longhurst P.J, Drew G.H, Smith R, Pollard S.J.
ABSTRACT
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216072 diunduh
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Aug;102(16):7443-50. Epub 2011
May 23.
Effects of biodrying process on municipal solid
waste properties.
Tambone F, Scaglia B, Scotti S, Adani F.
ABSTRACT
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21664812 diunduh
Water Res. 2002 Apr;36(8):2124-32.
Kinetics of the aerobic biological degradation of
shredded municipal solid waste in liquid phase.
Liwarska-Bizukojc E, Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S.
Abstract
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12092587 diunduh
J Biotechnol. 2003 Mar 6;101(2):165-72.
Estimation of viable biomass in aerobic
biodegradation processes of organic fraction of
municipal solid waste (MSW).
Liwarska-Bizukojc E, Ledakowicz S.
ABSTRACT
2-(p-Iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium
chloride (INT) dehydrogenase test and RNA assay were
introduced to evaluate biomass in the processes of
aerobic biodegradation of the organic fraction of
municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactors.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12568745 diunduh
Water Res. 2002 Apr;36(8):2124-32.
Kinetics of the aerobic biological degradation of
shredded municipal solid waste in liquid phase.
Liwarska-Bizukojc E, Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S.
Abstract
Abstract
In landfill, high temperature levels come from aerobic
reactions inside the waste surface layer. They are known to
make anaerobic processes more reliable, by partial removal
of easily biodegradable substrates. Aerobic biodegradation
of the main components of biodegradable matter (paper
and cardboard waste, food and yard waste) is considered. In
this paper, two models which take into account the effect of
moisture on aerobic biodegradation kinetics are discussed.
The first one (Model A) is a simple, first order, substrate-
related model, which assumes that substrate hydrolysis is
the limiting step of the process. The second one (Model B) is
a biomass-dependant model, considering biological growth
processes. Respirometric experiments were performed in
order to evaluate the efficiency of each model. The
biological oxygen demands of shredded paper and
cardboard samples and of food and yard waste samples
prepared at various initial water contents were measured.
These experimental data were used to identify model
parameters.
ABSTRACT
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11525476 diunduh
BIODRYING OF ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE
Stanisaw Ledakowicz, Agnieszka Zawadzka, Liliana
Krzystek
Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and
Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Lodz, Wolczanska Str.
213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
ABSTRACT
Abstract
Studies have shown that spreading liquid manure when soils are
near saturation or when they are likely to become saturated before
crop uptake of nutrients can occur, can result in significant nutrient
and bacterial discharges to the water through tile lines and runoff.
Often nutrient management plans designed to protect water
quality prescribe manure storage. Stored liquid manure can
produce significant objectionable odors both during storage and
when spread. Catastrophic failure of liquid systems is a risk that
many farms want to avoid.
Biodrying as described in this paper is a system that has the
potential to improve water quality by increasing the likelihood of
nutrient export. It can provide a stabilized solid for spreading on
hay ground during the growing season. Biodrying will meet the
farm's need for odor control. Smaller farms' desire for a solid based
treatment system would be addressed as well.
Description of
Biodrying
If managed carefully, the heat generated by aerobic
composting can provide the energy to reduce 12% DM
manure to a 60% DM residual. Forced air composting, under
a roof, with the air flow controlled carefully would optimize
this process. Composting works best with an initial moisture
content below 70%. Recent applications of composting
operations have shown the feasibility of this process by
using forced air to compost six foot high layers of manure in
21 days. Recycled compost or a mix of compost and
sawdust, or other amendment, at 40% dry matter could be
spread in the cow alleys about 3 inches thick to absorb one
days production of 12% DM manure.
The mixture could be scraped into a shed, piled 6 feet deep
and aerated to produce 40% DM compost in 3 weeks.
The figure shows a side view, plan view and cross section of
the biodrying shed. The building was designed with a high
overshot roof, open walls, and four foot eaves to provide
good ventilation while keeping the process protected from
precipitation. Manure and recycled compost can be loaded
from either side, although preliminary trials have shown
that a side delivery manure spreader can build a six foot
pile 40 feet long.
http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/Pages/General_Docs/Papers/P
otential_for_Biodrying_Manure_Wright_2002.pdf diunduh 17/3/2012
Potential for Biodrying Manure
Peter Wright
Senior Extension Associate . PRO-DAIRY
Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Cornell
University
http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/Pages/General_Docs/Papers/P
otential_for_Biodrying_Manure_Wright_2002.pdf diunduh 17/3/2012
Potential for Biodrying Manure
Peter Wright
Senior Extension Associate . PRO-DAIRY
Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Cornell
University
The air flow calculated for this system compares with various
air flows form the literature. Table 1 shows different air flows
that were successful in composting the listed ingredients. A
control system can be developed to run the fans that will
optimize the composting operation (Hall).
http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/Pages/General_Docs/Papers/P
otential_for_Biodrying_Manure_Wright_2002.pdf diunduh 17/3/2012
Effect of temperature and air flow rate on carbon and
nitrogen compounds changes during the biodrying of
swine manure in order to produce combustible biomasses
Antonio Avalos Ramirez, Stphane Godbout, Franois Lveille, Dan
Zegan, Jean-Pierre Larouche.
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology
Article first published online: 1 MAR 2012 | DOI:
10.1002/jctb.3744
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
autothermal drying
tunnel
Temperature in the top and bottom of waste mass layer in reactor No.
3
On the first days of the composting process, the temperature in the
bottom layer was higher and amounted to about 23 C, while
temperature of the top layer was about 21 C. On the 6th day of the
process, a temperature growth was observed in both layers. The
highest temperatures, reaching 53 C, were obtained in the bottom
waste layer. The temperature in the top layer was lower by about 2 C
in this period. At the end of the process, a decrease of temperatures
in both layers to the level close to inlet air temperatures, i.e. 21 C to
23 C, was observed. The temperature of the top layer was 23 C,
while that of the bottom layer about 25 C. On the 10th day of the
cycle, temperature of the bottom layer was on a higher level. The
difference of temperature of the bottom and top layer was not too
high and attained the values ranging from 2 C to 5 C, which
indicates a satisfactory level of homogeneity in the moisture and
energy content of the final product.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion)
http://epe.pwr.wroc.pl/2009/Zawadzka_3-2009.pdf diunduh 17/3/2012
Waste Manag. 2010 Jul;30(7):1165-70. Epub 2010 Jan 27.
Bio-drying and size sorting of municipal solid waste with
high water content for improving energy recovery.
Shao LM, Ma ZH, Zhang H, Zhang DQ, He PJ.
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608397 diunduh
. Lower Heating Value Dynamics during Municipal Solid
Waste Bio-Drying
E. C. Rada, A. Franzinelli, M. Taiss, M. Ragazzi, V. Panaitescu & T.
Apostol
Environmental Technology
Volume 28, Issue 4, 2007
pages 463-469
Abstract
In agreement with the new European Union directives
concerning the valorization of materials and energy recovery,
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is, in general based
on an integrated approach characterized by a combination of
different treatment processes.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09593332808618807
diunduh 17/3/2012
The influence of biomass temperature on
biostabilizationbiodrying of municipal solid waste
Adani, Fabrizio; Baido, Diego; Calcaterra, Enrico; Genevini,
Pierluigi
Bioresource Technology. Vol. 83. Issue 3. July, 2002. Pages 173-
179
Abstract
A laboratory study was carried out to obtain data on the influence of biomass
temperature on biostabilizationbiodrying of municipal solid waste (initial
moisture content of 410 g kg wet weight (w.w.) 1). Three trials were carried
out at three different biomass temperatures, obtained by airflow rate control
( A=70 C, B=60 C and C=45 C). Biodegradation and biodrying were
inversely correlated: fast biodrying produced low biological stability and vice
versa.
http://discover-decouvrir.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/article/?id=1572893 diunduh
17/3/2012
J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(5):752-9.
Release of volatile organic compounds during bio-
drying of municipal solid waste.
He P, Tang J, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Shao L.
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The bio-drying characteristics and its influencing factors of
paper mill sludge (PMS) were investigated detailedly, by means
of the heat generated by aerobic degradation of the organic
substances in the PMS. In the orthogonal experiments, the good
results were achieved with the followed optimization technics:
starch (25.0g/500.0g), sawdust (40.0g/500.0g), inoculation
(15.0mL/500.0g) and KH2PO4 (5.0g/500.0g).
An energy potential of
17929.24kJ/kg of the residual
fraction from this MBT plant is
estimated, which is equivalent
to 100.18ktoe per year.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652611002782
diunduh 17/3/2012
. Investigations of biological processes in Austrian
MBT plants
J. Tintner, E. Smidt, , K. Bhm, E. Binner.
Waste Management. Vol. 30, Issue 10, October 2010, Pages 19031907
Abstract
Aerobic Digestion
Aerobic digestion of waste is the natural biological degradation
and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-
rich environments break down and digest the waste.
During oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into
carbon dioxide (CO2 ), water (H 2 O), nitrates, sulphates and
biomass (microorganisms). By operating the oxygen supply
with aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of
all the biological treatment methods, aerobic digestion is the
most widespread process that is used throughout the world.
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/lesson4b.htm diunduh
DEKOMPOSISI BAHAN ORGANIK SECARA
AEROBIK
A biological process, in which, organisms use available organic
matter to support biological activity. The process uses organic
matter, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen, and produces stable
solids, carbon dioxide, and more organisms.
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/lesson4b.htm diunduh
DEKOMPOSISI BAHAN ORGANIK
(
http://agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=5&topicid=
170
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/interaction/orgmatter_air.htm
)
PROSES PENGERINGAN (DRYING)
BIODRYING
(1) enclosed box; (2) air forced through the waste matrix, heated by the
exothermic aerobic biodegradation of readily decomposable waste fragments;
(3) leachate collection and circulation system; (4) forced aeration system with
partial air recirculation, mixing ambient air and conditioned process air; (5) heat
exchanger; (6) cooling tower; (7) water (vapour condensate); (8) exhaust air
treatment through biofilter or regenerative thermal oxidation (RTO).
Appropriate conditions for microbial activity allow for the biodegradation of the
waste placed within the bioreactor, providing the necessary heat to evaporate
moisture from the waste fragments. Evaporated moisture is removed by the air
convection, achieved by forced aeration. The exhaust air is going through
various treatment stages that improve its drying capacity (ability to carry
moisture) before it is partly re-circulated into the reactor, after being mixed with
ambient air.
http://www.epem.gr/waste-c-control/database/html/Biodrying-00.htm diunduh
OPTIMAL BIODRYING
In biodrying, the main drying mechanicsm is convective evaporation, using
heat from the aerobic biodegradation of waste components and facilitated by
the mechanically supported airflow.
The Moisture Content (MC) of the waste matrix is reduced through two main
steps:
(1)water molecules evaporate (i.e., change phase from liquid to gaseous)
from the surface of waste fragments into the surrounding air; and
(2)the evaporated water is transported through the matrix by the airflow
and removed with the exhaust gasses.
Limited amount of free water may seep through the waste matrix and be
collected at the bottom of the biodrying reactor as leachate.
Thus in biodrying, air convection and molecular diffusion are the main
transport mechanisms responsible for moisture flow through the matrix. Air
convection, induced by engineered airflow through the matrix, is almost
exclusively responsible for the water losses. Here, air carries the water
evaporated from the surface of matrix particles (free moisture) with which is
in contact.
Removal of water content from the waste matrix (desorption) by convective
evaporation is governed by the thermodynamic equilibrium between the wet
waste matrix (solid state) and the air flowing through the matrix (gaseous
phase).
Optimal biodrying can be achieved through effective reactor design and
conditioning of the input material, combined with suitable process monitoring
and control. Control can be exercised by adjusting the level of operational
variables (suitable to directly manipulate), informed by process state
variables (suitable to monitor and evaluate). Typical design and operational
choices involve:
http://www.epem.gr/waste-c-control/database/html/Biodrying-00.htm diunduh
17/3/2012
Process Mass Flow Diagram
This is a general mass flow diagram often adopted in MBT
plants that incorporate a biodrying reactor. Under the
MBT description three variations will be presented.
http://www.epem.gr/waste-c-control/database/html/Biodrying-00.htm diunduh
17/3/2012
STRUKTUR KARBOHIDRAT KOMPLEKS
Cellulose
Selulosa merupakan polimer dari -D-Glukosa, yang berbeda
dengan pati, berorientasi dengan gugusan -CH2OH bergantian
di atas dan di bawah bidang molekul selulosa, sehingga
menghasilkan rantai panjang tidak bercabang. Tidak adanya
rantai samping memungkinkan molekul selulosa untuk
berdekatan dan membentuk struktur yang kaku. Selulosa
adalah bahan struktural utama dari tumbuhan.
Wood is largely cellulose, and cotton is almost pure cellulose.
Cellulose can be hydrolyzed to its constituent glucose units by
microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract of termites and
ruminants. Cellulose may be modified in the laboratory by
treating it with nitric acid (HNO3) to replace all the hydroxyl
groups with nitrate groups (-ONO2) to produce cellulose nitrate
(nitrocellulose or guncotton) which is an explosive component
of smokeless powder.
Partially nitrated cellulose, known as pyroxylin, is used in the
manufacture of collodion, plastics, lacquers, and nail polish.
Arabinoxylan
Arabinoxylans are polysaccharides found in the bran of grasses and grains such as
wheat, rye, and barley. Arabinoxylans consist of a xylan backbone with L-
arabinofuranose (L-arabinose in its 5-atom ring form) attached randomly by 12
and/or 13 linkages to the xylose units throughout the chain. Since xylose and
arabinose are both pentoses, arabinoxylans are usually classified as pentosans.
Arabinoxylans are important in the baking industry. The arabinose units bind water
and produce viscous compounds that affect the consistency of dough, the
retention of gas bubbles from fermentation in gluten-starch films, and the final
texture of baked products.
Pectin
Pectin is a polysaccharide that acts as a cementing material in the
cell walls of all plant tissues. The white portion of the rind of
lemons and oranges contains approximately 30% pectin. Pectin is
the methylated ester of polygalacturonic acid, which consists of
chains of 300 to 1000 galacturonic acid units joined with 14
linkages. The Degree of Esterification (DE) affects the gelling
properties of pectin. The structure shown here has three methyl
ester forms (-COOCH3) for every two carboxyl groups (-COOH),
hence it is has a 60% degree of esterification, normally called a
DE-60 pectin. Pectin is an important ingredient of fruit preserves,
jellies, and jams.
http://www.epem.gr/waste-c-control/database/html/Biodrying-00.htm diunduh
DEKOMPOSISI AEROBIK
HIDROLISIS ENSIMATIK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sucrose-inkscape.svg diunduh
ASETO-GENESIS
Asetogenesis -
Methanogenesis
Tahap ke tiga dalam proses dekomposisi aerobik adalah
asetogenesis.
Setelah molekul sederhana hasil fermentasi secara
asetogenesis lebih lanjut dicerna oleh bakteri acetogen untuk
menghasilkan asam asetat serta karbon dioksid dan hydrogen.
Tahap terakhir dekomposisi aerobic adalah proses biologis
methanogenesis. Bakteri methanogen memanfaatkan produk
dari tahapan sebelumnya dan mengubah menjadi gas methane,
karbon dioksida dan air.
Metana yang dihasilkan dari proses metanogenesis merupakan
komponen-komponen yang membentuk sebagianbesar gas
yang dihasilkan oleh system.
Methanogenesis
Simplified schematicmerupakan proses
illustrating the yang sensitive
methanogenic terhadap
degradation pH
of organic
dan terjadi
matter. Circled numbers antara
indicate pH 6,5 group
the metabolic 8. of microbes
involved in the particular stage of degradation. 1: initial hydrolysis of
polymeric carbon; 2: fermentation of monomers to low molecular weight
compounds; 3: aceticlastic methanogenesis and 4: CO2-reducing
methanogenesis from fermentation intermediates.
(http://ese.mines.edu/research_projects/biogenic_methane.html)
diunduh 17/3/2012
PARAMETER OPERASIONAL
BIODRYING
ALIRAN UDARA MELALUI
MATRIKS
Udara pengeringan (atau pengeringan penyimpanan massal)
menggunakan aliran udara melalui butir sampah atau residu di
bagian dalam bed untuk pengeringan dan mengawetkan
sampah (Nellist, 1998).
Suhu matrix sampah mencapai 5C di atas suhu lingkungan.
Operasional kritis dan parameter terkait matrix sampah MC
(moisture content), MC equilibrium, waktu penyimpanan, dan
tahan tekanan terhadap aliran udara) dan udara (tingkat dan
sifat aliran udara psychrometric, yaitu sifat yang mengacu pada
hubungan termodinamika dan fisik antara udara dan air uap,
seperti relatif humudity, temperatur, dll).
The process of evaporation is used in the arts for increasing the
density of liquids by boiling down, for drying wet materials, and for
cooling purposes. The vaporization of the liquid may be
accomplished by adding more heat to it, or by lessening or
removing the atmospheric pressure upon it. Air may be partially
dried by cooling it to a low temperature. The vapor accompanying
it will be condensed and thrown down as water, and when the air is
afterwards warmed it will be correspondingly dry.
The efficiency of a drying apparatus which uses hot air as the
drying medium will depend upon several factors, as follows:
1. The dryness of the air before it is heated.
2. The degree of heat that is given to the air.
3. The amount of surface of wet material from which
evaporation can readily take place.
4. The volume of the air-current.
5. The thorough distribution of the fresh dry air over the
evaporating surfaces.
6. The promptness with which the moistened air is removed.
Read more:
http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Building-Construction-V4/Eva
poration-And-Drying.html#ixzz1pSJSjFSq
http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Building-Construction-V4/Evaporation-And-
Drying.html diunduh 17/3/2012
Effect of air-flow rate and turning frequency on bio-drying of
dewatered sludge.
Ling Zhao, Wei-Mei Gu, Pin-Jing He, Li-Ming Shao
Water Research (2010)
Volume: 44, Issue: 20, Publisher: Elsevier Ltd, Pages: 6144-6152
ABSTRACT
http://www.mendeley.com/research/effect-airflow-rate-turning-frequency-biodrying-
dewatered-sludge/ diunduh 17/3/2012
REAKTOR BIODRYING
(http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?
_pageid=75,17305&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL)
diunduh 17/3/2012
PENGUAPAN KONVEKTIF
diunduh 17/3/2012
FENOMENA BIO-DRYING
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryi
ng)
diunduh 17/3/2012
Udara dan suhu matriks yang optimal untuk biodrying
diunduh 17/3/2012
Aktivitas mikroba
Proses mikroba selama biodrying harus sesuai
untuk memanfaatkan dari panasyang
diperlukan untuk pengeringan yang efektif,
bersama dengan biodegradasisubstrat limbah
yang terbatas.
Suhu substrat adalah faktor yang
palingpenting yang mempengaruhi mikroba
pertumbuhan (Miller, 1996), karena antara
lain, menyediakan kondisi ideal untuk
proliferasi jenis tertentu mikro organisme,
misalnya, mesofilik atau termofilik
diunduh 17/3/2012
AKTIVITAS MIKROBA DALAM
BIODRYING
MIKROBA - BIODRYING
diunduh 17/3/2012
Nanda Gayuk Candy. 2012.
Pengelolaan Sampah Kota dalam Rangka
PencapaianPembangunan Millenium (MDGs) . .(online)
http://lifestyle.kompasiana.com/urban/2012 01/11/pengelola
an-sampah-kota-dalam-rangka-pencapaian-pembangunan-milleni
um-mdgs/
, diakses 16 januari 2012Suwarno, 2011.
Sampah di kota Malang 400 tonperhari
http://mediacenter.malangkota.go.id/2011/02/10/sampah-di-kot
a-malang-400-ton-perhari/
(diakses, 20 janiari 2012)
Velis C.A., Longhurst P.J.t, Drew G.H. and Smith R, Pollard S.J.T.
2009. Biodryingfor mechanical-biological treatment of wastes:
a review of process science andengineering Volume 100.
Bioresource Technology,
Cranfield University.
Frei, K.M., Stuart, P.R., Cameron, D., 2004. Novel drying process
using forcedaeration through a porous biomass matrix. Finland :
Dry. Technol.
diunduh 17/3/2012