Hazop vs LOPA

SLChakravorty
SLChakravorty
SLChakravorty
EVENT TREE ANALYSIS

SLChakravorty
Event Tree
Analysis (ETA)

SLChakravorty
 WHAT IS LOPA ( Layer of Protection
Analysis)

LOPA is a semi-quantitative method using

numerical categories to estimate

the
parameters needed to calculate
the
necessary risk reduction which
corresponds
to the acceptance criteria.
LOPA usually receives output from a
HAZOP
 down into layers.
Concept of layers of
*Seven layers are shown in Fig. 1 and are
protection( LOPA)
generally applied beginning at the
center of the diagram.

Layer 1: Process Design (e.g. inherently safer

designs);
Layer 2: Basic controls, process alarms, and
operator
supervision;
Layer 3: Critical alarms, operator supervision,
and manual
intervention;
Layer 4: Automatic action (e.g. SIS or ESD);
Layer 5: Physical protection (e.g. relief devices);
Layer 6: Physical protection (e.g. dikes);
Layer 7: Plant emergency response; and not
shown
SLChakravorty
LOPA can be represented mathematically using
the following computational equation:
Which multiplies the frequency of an initiating
event (IEFi) by the probabilities that each
independent protection layer will fail to
perform( PFDs) its intended function:
Frequency of Consequence is Given By:
 (i) IEFi Initiating event
frequency
An initiating event is a failure that
starts a sequence of events that, if not
interrupted by the successful operation
of a layer of protection, results in a
hazardous outcome.

Examples of common initiating events

include mechanical failure, operator
error, and control loop failure.
The initiating event frequency is
considered once every 10 years (IEFi is
therefore 0.1/yr.)
 (ii) PFD - probability of failure upon
demand of
Independent
Failure on demand Layers
occurs when a safety system is
called upon to act following an initiating event but
failsthe
xample: to Act.
reactor system has an emergency quench wate
system piped to the reactor in the event of a runaway.
A runaway occurs, and the quench system is called upon to t
action. This is considered a demad.

urther, it is established that this quench system will successf

operate 9 times out of 10 times ,when demanded to act.
his implies that it fails only one time out of 10
So PFD is 0.1
Success to act is 0.9
 TAKE AN EXAMPLE - CASE STUDY FOR LOPA

Application to a batch reactor system

Let's examine LOPA as applied to a batch reactor
manufacturing ortho-nitroaniline from ammonia and
orthonitrobenzene.
lets imagine that we want to prevent a reactor
rupture/ the catastrophe incident.
IEFi (Initiating event frequency)
PFD (Probability of Failure on Deman) for each layer is
given below:
Layer 1 Process design : PFD 1
Layer 2: Basic controls, process alarms, operator supervision:
PFD2
Layer 3: Critical alarms, operator supervision, and manual
intervention: PFD3
Layer 4: Automatic action SIS or ESD : PFD3
Layer 5: Physical protection (relief devices); : PFD 4
Layer 6: Physical protection (dikes) : PFD5
,, frequency of the consequence occurring for scenario.

Compare the resulted frequency with the

risk tolerance level .

In this case, the risk tolerance level for a runaway

reaction leading to vessel rupture is 10-5/yr
 SDV
IEFi PFD1 PFD2 PFD3 4x5x6 8x9
x7

LAYER OF PROTECTION
ANALYSIS
LOPA
,,, frequency of the consequence occurring for scenario.

Compare the resulted frequency,

with

the risk tolerance level (/yr)
 t is Safety Integrity Level (SILs)?
fety Integrated Level (SIL) is a measure of reliability
& integrity for respective Safety instrumented system
when a process demand occurs.
probability of failure of SIS will be lowest with highest level
IL as given below:
SIL LEVEL PFD Integrity / Reliability
of SIS
1 0.1 to 0.01 Lowest
=
2
2 0.01 to 0.001
3 =
3
4
0.001 to 0.0001
Highest
=
4 0.0001 to 0.00001 Highest
=