1

MATERIAL TESTING

C TI VE
S T R U
DE T S
TES

Presented By: Abdul Wadood

Ppt Credit: Batch-8 Mech.

2
 Destructive Tests

Introduction: As the name implies, in

this type of tests to determine the
ultimate strength of the material, the
test piece is destructed during the
test procedure. For Example,
Hardness test, UTMs tests, Torsion
test, Fatigue test.

3
 Hardness
A hard material is difficult
to scratch, wear away by
abrasion or to indent.
Hardness can be measured
only by comparison with a
material used as a
scratcher or indenter and
has objective meaning
only in terms of a specific
type of test.

4
 Types of Hardness Testing

Scratch Hardness Test

The Brinell Hardness Tester (Ball Indenter)
The Rockwell Hardness Tester (Diamond Cone
Indenter)
The Vickers Hardness Tester (Diamond Pyramid
Indenter)
The Knoop Hardness Tester (Diamond Pyramid
Indenter)
The Shore Scleroscope (The Height Of Bounce Of A
Diamond Tipped Hammer)
Utrasonic Hardness Tester

5
Scratch hardness test

6
Brinell Hardness test

7
 Brinell Hardness Test
History:
In 1901 Swedish Engineer Dr. August
John Brinell devised this machine.
Indication:
Hardness indicated by BHN.
Medium of testing:
hardened steel ball of diameter
of 10mm

8
 Brinell hardness test

The Brinell-Hardness Testing:

Load (Kg) BHN Hardness Range

3000 (Hard Metals) 96-600
1500 (Intermediate Hard Metals) 48-300
500(Soft Metals) 16-100

Animation

9
Brinell hardness test

10
 Procedure of Testing:
The indenter is pressed into the sample by
an accurately controlled test force.
The force is maintained for a specific dwell
time, normally 15 - 30 seconds.
After the dwell time is complete, the
indenter is removed leaving a round indent
in the sample.
The size of the indent is determined
optically by measuring two diagonals of the
round indent using either a portable
microscope or one that is integrated with
the load application device.
The Brinell hardness number is a function of
the test force divided by the curved
11
surface
area of the indent is used in the following
 Formula:
Surface area of the indentation (as
area of the segment of sphere)
A= Dh (h=Depth of indentation in
mm)

BHN=
Load applied by indention tool in
kgf Surface area of indentation
in mm2

Aluminum Steel
12
Procedure of Testing:

Where:
F=Applied load in kgf
D=Dia. of ball in mm
d=Dia. of indentation in
mm
13
Advantages of Brinell Test

a.) Widely used and well accepted

b.) Large ball gives good average
reading with a single test.
c.) Accurate
d.) Easy to learn and use

14
Rockwell hardness test

15
 Rockwell Hardness Test
Rockwell
History: Animation
In 1922 an engineer Rockwell devised this tester.
Indication:
Hardness indicated by RH(scale).
Indenters:
Brale diamond cone (120 and rounded point of
0.2mm radius) for hard metals and a 1/16inch
diameter hardened steel ball for soft metals.
Loads:
With Primary Load (10 kg) and Secondary Load (90
to 140kg).

16
 Rockwell hardness
The most widely used hardness test in the US
and generally accepted due to

1) Its speed
2) Freedom from personal error.
3) Ability to distinguish small hardness
difference
4) Small size of indentation.

The hardness is
measured according to the
depth (d) of indentation,
Rockwell Hardness=100-d/0.002
under a constant load.
(for diamond indenters)
Rockwell Hardness=130-d/0.002
(for ball indenters)
17
 Rockwell hardness

There are 30 different scales. The majority of applications are covered by

the Rockwell C and B scales for testing steel, brass, and other metals.

18
 Rockwell hardness
Advantages of Rockwell tests:

Theyre fast, easy, versatile, and inexpensive.

Disadvantages of Rockwell tests

:

A permanent dent is created in the sample.

The large number of scales that make Rockwell testing
versatile can also make it hard to select the appropriate
scale for a particular material.
19
 Rockwell Hardness Test
Scale Indenter Minor Load Major Load Total Load Test Material

Diamond Cone
A 10 50 60 Cemented Carbide
(Black Scale)

1/16 Ball
B 10 90 100 MS & Copper Alloys
(Red Scale)

Diamond Cone Steel, Hard Cast Iron

C 10 140 150
(Black Scale) & Ti Alloys

1/16 Ball Annealed Cu Alloys,

F 10 50 60
(Red Scale) Thin Soft Sheet

20
Animation Animation Animation

21
MICRO-hardness test
(Vickers & Knoop)

22
 Vickers hardness test
The Vickers hardness
test was developed in
the early 1920s as an
alternative method to
measure the hardness
of materials.

23
 Vickers hardness test
A diamond, in the form of a right
pyramid wth a square base and
an angle of 1360 between
opposte faces is forced into the
material under a load F.

VHN

VHN=1.8544*F/d
F=load ,kg
d=mean of diagonal
impression, mm
=face angle of
diamond=136o
d=(d1+d2) /2 Animation
24
 Advantages of Vickers
1. Soft, as well as hard metals may be
tested.
2. Tests may be conducted in low-load and
micro range as well
3. The pyramidal impression damages the
work-pieces only slightly.

25
Video Video Video

26
 TESTS
In this tests the load
must be applied with
great care for order of
magnitude of the
applied load is usually
from 1 gram to 500
grams.

The Knoop diamond

indenter.

27
 Knoop hardness test
Knoop hardness value
is also calculated on
the principle of force
divided by the area of
impression similar to
Brinell and Vickers
tests.
In knoop it is
KHN=14.230xF/L

28
 TESTS

The knoop diamond test is Video

generally employed for
testing;
small precision parts
surface layers
thin materials
small diameter wires
hardness near edges such
as in cutting tools,etc.
29
 General characteristics of hardness-testing
methods and formulas for calculating hardness.

30
 SHORE SCLEROSCOPE
TEST
A. The Scleroscope test
consists of dropping a
diamond tipped hammer,
which falls inside a glass tube
under the force of its own
weight from a fixed height,
onto the test specimen
B. The height of the rebound
travel of the hammer is
measured on a graduated
scale.
C. The Shore Scleroscope
measures hardness in terms
of the elasticity of the material 31
SHORE SCLEROSCOPE TEST
The Schleroscope hardness
numbers are indicated by
the following

For scale (model) C height

and mass of the hammer
are 251.2mm and 23 gr
For scale (model) D height
and mass of the hammer
are 17.9mm and 36 gr
where c and d refer
to two different types of 32
instruments used for the
Video Video Video

33
 File test
3. File Hardness Test:-
In this type of hardness test there
is a set of 6 files (40-65 HRC) which
are used to check hardness.
Hardness of a material is
determined by running different files
over the tested material.
Approximate hardness of the
material is between the file that
marks the material and the file that
slides over the material.

34
 File test
Testing Procedure:-
Run the Black file (65 HRC) over
test material. If it marks the
material, the material is less than
65 HRC.
Try the Blue file (60 HRC). If it
does not mark the material, it
indicates that the file is softer than
the material and is between 60 and
65 HRC.
If the Blue file (60 HRC) marked
the material, continue testing with
the Green (55 HRC), Light-Green
(50 HRC), etc. until the material is
not marked. 35
 ULTRASONIC HARDNESS
TEST
A diamond-tipped rod vibrating at
ultrasonic frequencies is brought into
contact with the metal at a load of 3.3
kg.

The change in freqency of the tip due to

hardness of the metal is read on a
meter scale in terms of either Rockwell
or Vickers numbers.

The shallowness of the indentation

produced by the tester (less than 0.013
mm) makes it particularly suitable for
testing.
The equipment is very portable but
Its use is resricted primarily to steel. 36
Video Video Video

37
 Impact Test / Toughness
Test
Toughness is a measurement of the amount of energy
a material can absorb before fracturing.

Principle :
Striking a specimen with a controlled pendulum and
measuring the energy absorbed in bending or breaking
the specimen. The energy value indicates the toughness
of the material.
There are 2 types of impact test, namely the Charpy
and the Izod.
 Impact tester
Operation of Impact tests:-
Hammer is strikes with specimen
Hammer Having Kinetic Energy
Velocity of Hammer is decreased
K. Energy Transfer to specimen
Specimen try to resists
Absorbs energy
Energy of striking is high
specimen breaks
Max force is indicated on scale

Animation Animation
39
 Impact test
The main differences between the Charpy
and Izod impact tests are the position of the
notch and the method of support of the test
specimen.

40
 Impact tester

Dimension for Charpy metal specimen:-

Specimen of specific dimension is made

10 mm height
10 mm width
55 mm long
5 mm depth of Notch

41
 Impact tester
Dimension for izod metal specimen:-

Specimen of specific dimension is made

10 mm height
10 mm width
75 mm long
2 mm depth of notch
45 degree

42
 Impact tester
Types of Notche:-
3 Types of Notch
V Notch
U Notch
Key Hole Notch

U-Notch
43
 Impact tester
Charphy impact tests:-
Horizental position of specimen
Specimen is held from both sides
Strike at the back of the notch
Pendulum edge is 0.8 mm radius

44
 Impact tester
Izod impact tests:-
Vertical position of specimen
Specimen held from the lower end
28 mm remain above the vice
Pendulum is raised
Strike at velocity 12.5 ft/sec
Hit with the free end of specimen
At height of 22 mm
Energy absorb is shown
45
Any Question
THANK YOU