WASTE MANAGEMENT

UNIT-6
What is waste ?
Waste are items we dont need and discard.
Sometimes there are things we have that the law
requires us to discard because they can be harmful.
Waste has been a major environmental issue
everywhere since the industrial revolution.
Besides the waste we create at home, school and other
public places, there are also those from hospitals,
industries, farms and other sources.
What is Waste management ?
It is all the activities and actions
required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal.
This includes:
Collection
Transport
Treatment
Disposal
Monitoring and regulation
 TYPES OF WASTE

WASTE

SOLID LIQUID
 TYPES OF
WASTE
Solid type
Any waste that is non-liquid.
Examples-
These include old car tires, old newspapers, broken furniture,
plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and
even food waste.

Liquid type:
Waste can come in non-solid form.
Some solid waste can also be converted to a liquid waste form for
disposal.
Examples-
Include wash water from homes, domestic washings, chemicals, oils,
waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources
 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES BASED
ON

PROPERTIES

Non-
Bio-degradable
biodegradable

plastics, bottles, old machines,

paper, wood, fruits
cans,styrofoam containers
 CLASSIFIACTION OF WASTE BASED
ON EFFECTS OF HUMAN HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENT

Hazardous wastes
Hazardous or harmful waste are those that
threaten public health or the environment. Non-hazardous
Substances unsafe to use commercially, Substances safe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically . industrially, agriculturally, or
Such waste could be economically and do not have any of
inflammable,reactive,corrosiveortoxic. those properties mentioned above.
Examples- These substances usually create
disposal problems.
Include fire extinguishers, old propane
tanks, pesticides, mercury-containing
equipment (eg: thermostats) and lamps (eg:
fluorescent bulbs) and batteries.
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO THEIR ORIGIN
AND TYPE

MUNICIPAL
INDUSTRIAL BIO MEDICAL AGRICULTURAL FISHERY RADIOACTIVE E WASTE
SOLID

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Solid wastes that include household garbage,
rubbish, construction & demolition debris,
sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade
refuges etc. are managed by any municipality.
They include everyday items like food debris,
used plastic bags, soda cans and plastic water
bottles, broken furniture, grass clippings, product
packaging, broken home appliances and clothing.

RADIOACTIVE WASTES
Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually
these are byproducts of nuclear processes.
Sometimes industries that are not directly
involved in nuclear activities, may also produce
some radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes,
chemical sludge etc.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTES

Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end

products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research
activities of medical sciences.
They tend to be classified as hazard waste rather than general
waste.
Items in this group include surgical items, pharmaceuticals, blood,
body parts, wound dressing materials, needles and syringes.

BIOMEDICAL
WASTE

NON- HAZARDOUS
HAZARDOUS
(75-90%) (10-25%)

INFECTIOUS OTHER
15-18% HAZARDOUS
NON SHARPS RADIOACTIVE WASTE
SHARPS DISCARDED GLASS
PLASTIC PRESSURIZED
DISPOSABLES CONTAINERS
LIQUID WASTES CHEMICAL WASTE
CYTOTOXIC WASTE
INCINERATOR ASK
 INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by
manufacturing & processing units of various
industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal
gas, sanitary & paper etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

1. Hazardous industrial waste
2. Non-hazardous industrial waste

HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Particular includes products that are explosive,
flammable, irritant, harmful, toxic, carcinogenic,
corrosive, infectious, or toxic to reproduction.
10-15%
Increasing by 2% every year
Hazardous industrial wastes in India can be
categorized broadly into two categories.
i) Hazardous wastes generated from various
industries in India TREATMENT
ii) Hazardous industrial wastes imported into India Incineration
from Western Countries for re-processing and Landfilling
recycling.
HAZARDOUS WASTE SOURCE
COMPONENT
HEAVY METALS

Arsenic Mining, non anthropogenic

geo-chemical formation

Cadmium Mining, fertilizer industry,

battery waste

Lead Lead acid battery smelters

Manganese Mining areas

HYDROCARBONS
Benzene Petrochemical industries,
solvents
Vinyl chloride Plastics
PESTICIDES Insecticides
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Dioxins Waste incineration, herbicides
NON HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE
It includes ordinary waste produced by companies, shopkeepers and
trades people (paper, cardboard, wood, textiles, packaging, etc.)
thus requires no special treatment.
Industries Prominent Treatment Application
Wastes Option
Generated
Sugar Mills Sugar bagasses Combustion and Heat and Power
Gasification
Pressmud Composting Fertilizer
Sugar molasses Fermentation Ethanol synthesis

Paper mills Pulp Biomethanation Biogas production
& digestate

Paper shavings Combustion Heat and power

Wood wastes Combustion and Heat and power
and Paper boards gasification
 Industries Prominent Treatment Application
Wastes Option
Generated
Dairy Plants Whey and Biomethanation Biogas production &
Milk cream digestate
Fruits and vegetable Pulp wastes Biomethanation Biogas production &
processing units digestate
Animal Husbandries Animal Biomethanation Biogas production &
excreta and digestate
body fluids
Dairy Plants Whey and Biomethanation Biogas production &
Milk cream digestate

Slaughter houses Organs, Biomethanation Biogas production &
Tissues, digestate
Blood, Hides,
Animal
excreta and
Carcass etc
ORGANIZATIONS
M.O.E.F Ministry of Environment and Forest
BMW-biometric Waste management and handling rules
(hospitals, nursing homes, clinics) (1998)
1.5KG 1.7KG /BED/DAY
Batteries waste management and handling rules (2001)
RBI and MOEF shall give permission if the place ahs more
than 100 batteries.
When transported prior permission shall be taken.
Plastic (2011)
Should be sold for a price
E-waste (2011)
LCA Life Cycle Assesment
Producer is responsible for the disposal.
Hazardous waste handling and transhoundary rules
(2008)

S.P.C.B State Pollution Control Board

(MOEF sets guidelines)
EPA Environment Protection Act
AUTOMOBILE WASTE(END OF
LIFE)

CONSTRUCTION/DEMOLITION
SOURCES OF WASTE
Construction waste is that resulting
from the construction of roads and
building. Waste items include
concrete debris, wood, earth, huge
package boxes.

FISHERY WASTES
Wastes generated due to fishery
activities. These are extensively
found in coastal & estuarine areas.
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Wastes generated from farming
activities. These substances are
mostly biodegradable.

E-WASTES (2011)
This is waste from electronic and
electrical devices.
These are also called e-waste, e-
scrap.
Some electronic scrap components,
such as CRTs, may contain
contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or
brominated flame retardants.
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
Anywastewhich is generated during
the diagnosis, treatment or WASTE
immunization of human beings or COLLECTION
animals or in research activities or in
the production or testing of biological.
SEGRAGATION
Hospital Waste Management
This involves certain activities:
TRANSPORTATION AND
STORAGE

TRANSPORT TO FINAL
DISPOSAL SITE

FINAL DISPOSAL
 SOURCE
S
MAJOR SOURCES
Medical
colleges Hospitals Veterinar
Blood
and Nursing y colleges Biotechno
Primary banks/
Production research homes and logy
health mortuarie
units. centers/ animal institution
centers. Dispensarie s/autopsy
paramedi research s.
s centers.
c centers.
services.

MINOR SOURCES

Acupunct
Animal Physician Institutio urists/psy
Blood
houses/sla s/ ns for Funeral Vaccination chiatric
donation
ughter dentists disabled services. centers. clinics/co
camps.
houses. clinics persons smetic
piercing.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified medical
waste into eight categories:

General waste- kitchen items, dustbins

Pathological- body parts and other fluids

Radioactive- urine test

Chemical- lab reagents, disinfectants,

solvents

Infectious waste-waste from wards, tissues

Pressurized containers- gas cylinders,

cattridges

Pharmaceuticals expired medicines

Sharps needles, scalpels

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE FLOW CHART
WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT AND CONTAINER
DISPOSAL
Category 1 Human waste Incineration/burial
(organs, tissues)
Category 2 Animal Incineration/burial
waste(animal
tissues , body
parts)
Category 3 Biotechnology
waste(laboratory Autoclaving/
waste, infectious microwaving
agents.
Category 4 Waste sharps Autoclaving/shred
(needles, ding
syringes)
Category 5 Cytotoxic drugs Incineration/
(expired landfills
medicines)
Category 6 Solid waste Autoclaving/shred
(disposable ding
items)
Category 7 Liquid waste Chemical
(disinfectants treatment/dischar
BIOMEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

INCINERATION

NON INCINERATION

AUTOCLAVING

MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

CHEMICAL METHODS

PLASMA PYROLYSIS
INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY

This is a high temperature thermal process employing combustion

of the waste under controlled condition for converting them into
inert material and gases.
3 types of incinerators are used for hospital waste: multiple hearth
type, rotary kiln and controlled air types.
NON-INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY
Non-incineration treatment includes four basic processes.
The majority of non-incineration technologies employ the thermal
and chemical processes.
The main purpose of the treatment technology is to decontaminate
waste by destroying pathogens.

THERMAL

CHEMICAL

BIOLOGICAL
 AUTOCLAVING

The autoclave operates on the principle of the

STANDARD PRESSURE COOKER.
The process involves using steam at high
temperatures.
The steam generated at high temperature
penetrates waste material and kills all the micro
organism .
These are also of three types: Gravity type,
Pre-vacuum type and Retort type.
Gravity type, air is evacuated with the help of
gravity alone.
Vacuum pumps are used to evacuate air from
the Pre-vacuum autoclave system so that the time
cycle is reduced to 30-60 minutes.
Retort type autoclaves are designed much
higher steam temperature and pressure.
MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

The microwave is based on the principle

of generation of high frequency waves.
These waves cause the particles within
the waste material to vibrate, generating
heat.
This heat generated from within kills all
pathogens.
PLASMA PYROLYSIS
Plasma pyrolysis is a state-of-the-art
technology for safe disposal of medical
waste.
It is an environment-friendly
technology, which converts organic
waste into commercially useful
byproducts.
Medical waste is pyrolysed into CO, H2,
and hydrocarbons when it comes in
contact with the plasma-arc.
These gases
are burned and produce a high
temperature (around 1200oC).
 VIRINCHI HOSPITALS
LOCATION Rd no 12, Banjara hills, hyderabad
ARCHITECT -Hafeez Contractor
No. of floors 8 floors ( -4 to 5 )
Patient areas- G to 2nd floor
Location of garbage room- G floor
No.of beds - 600

The hospital, which will have specialties in cardiac, ortho, nephro,

neuro, emergency, cancer and transplantation
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

WASTE COLLECTION SEGREGATION OF WASTE

YELLOW BAG- HUMAN

SEGREGATION WASTE, BODY PARTS

RED BAG BLOOD

TRANSPORTATION WASTE
AND STORAGE
GREEN BAG- GENERAL
TRANSPORT TO WASTE
FINAL DISPOSAL
SITE
SHARPS CONTAINER-
SHARPS, NEEDLES
FINAL DISPOSAL
 COLLECTION OF WASTE
SENT TO THE
GARBAGE IS
GARBAGE ROOM IN THE NUMBER OF BAGS
COLLECTED 3 TIMES A
FOUR DIVISIONS IS COUNTED
DAY
(COLOUR CODING)

WASTE MANAGEMENT
DIVIDED INTO SYSTEM *GJ
BIODEGRADABLE AND GARBAGE DISPOSAL MULTICLAVE
NON BIODEGRADABLE COLLECTS THE
GARBAGE AT 4AM

*GJ MULTICLAVE LOCATED IN

AMEERPET. MAIN BRANCH
CHENNAI
WATER TREATMENT

FILTRATION SYSTEM

EFFLUENT
TREATMENT

SEWAGE TREATMENT
ETP (EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT)
 Principle and Functioning of ETP:

OIL AND
BAR
BAR EQUALIZATI
EQUALIZATI AERATION
AERATION CLARIFIER
CLARIFIER
GREASE
SCREENS ON TANK TANK TANK
TRAP
TRAP

CLEAN
CLEAN CHLORINE
TREATED
TREATED PRESSURE
PRESSURE FILTER
FILTER FEED
FEED
CONTACT
EFFLUENT SAND TANK TANK
TANK
TANK
TANK
Principle and Functioning of ETP:
Bar screens: For screening and removal of coarse suspended solids from
the effluent while it passes through the bar scanner.
Oil and grease Trap:Removes the floating oil and grease from the effluent.
Equalization tank:Collects and equalizes the raw effluent.
Aeration tank:Mixes the effluent and provides excess of air (oxygen). The
aerobic bacteria in the biomass oxidize the suspended and dissolved organic
matter. The organic matter is biodegraded by the bacterial mass. Complex
carbon compounds are degraded and CO2 generated. Complex organic
nitrogen compounds are degraded to form ammonia, nitrite and nitrates.
Clarifier tank: Separates suspended biological material. Part of the sludge is
returned to aeration tank to provide biomass for the treatment and excess is
flown to sludge drying bed.
Filter feed tank:The treated effluent is stored before passing to pressure
sand filter.
Pressure sand Filter:Removes the fine suspended mater from the treated
effluent.
Chlorine contact tank:Chlorine is added continuously to inactivate the
microbial population.
Clean treated effluent water tank:Holds water before lifting to high-level
storage tanks.
 The daily input of effluent is approximately 339000 liters/day and
approximately 3 lakh liters of treated water is recovered.
The treated effluent water is used for irrigation and sanitary
cleaning and as a result of which the hospital no more faces the
water shortage.
Further, more than 5000 Kg. of dried sludge is available per month
to use as manure for the gardens.
FILTRATION SYSTEM
SEWAGE TREATMENT
S R LABORATORIES
 S R LABORATORIES

Location : S R Laboratories, jaikeesaram, choutuppal, nalgonda

dist., Telangana.
It is located far away from the city, as it is a chemical factory.
It is adjacent to bpt farms (rice farm) & is not affected by industry.
They prepare one of the intermediate component and further send
it for processing.
 PHARMACEAUTICAL INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT

Production of intermediate product for Pharma industries.

Central pollution control board(cpcb) gives permission to prepare
the intermediate.
Monthly report should be submitted to the Telangana state
pollution control board (TSPCB).
 INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
There are two types of pollution generated in the industry i.e,
through air and water, which is in turn treated through systems
below:

Air pollution

Scrubber system

Water pollution

MEE plant(Multiple effective evaporation

system)
 SCRUBBER SYSTEM

Raw Gases
Reactors Scrubber
materials (vapour)

Water Neutral air

Gas loses
Multi stage absorbs is passed
acidic
column acidic into the
nature
nature atmosphere
 Wind sock- shows the wind
direction according to
atmospheric changes.
 RECYCLING OF WATER

reactors

Pipelines Hot water

Cool
Pipelines
water

Cooling
tanks
 SOLID DUST COLLECTION

Coal from SINGARENI is used for steaming

processes.

Cycle
Steam
reactor separators
boiler (using
s (dust
coal)
collector)

The solid dust collected i.e., cool ash is

stored and given to brick industry for
usage.
 WATER POLLUTION TREAMENT
(MEE PLANT)
CEMENT
SUMP BOILER CALENDRIA
INDUSTRY

VALVE STRIPPER CALENDRIA3 RO PLANT

CONDENSATI
FEED TANK TANK1 CALENDRIA2
ON TANK

SURFACE
TANK 3 TANK 2 CALENDRIA1
CONDENSER
 CEMENT
CEMENT
SUMP
SUMP BOILER
BOILER CALENDRIA
CALENDRIA INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY

VALVE
VALVE STRIPPER
STRIPPER CALENDRIA3
CALENDRIA3 RO
RO PLANT
PLANT

CONDENSATI
CONDENSATI
FEED
FEED TANK
TANK TANK1
TANK1 CALENDRIA2
CALENDRIA2 ON TANK

SURFACE
SURFACE
TANK
TANK 3
3 TANK
TANK 2
2 CALENDRIA1
CALENDRIA1 CONDENSER
 SEMI SOLID WASTE TREATMENT

Agitated filter and dryer(atfd)- concentrated semi solid

STORAGE OF
ATFD(VACCUM CENTRIFUGATIO SOLID SALT
NUTCH FILTER
SYSTEM) N (AMONIUM
SULPHATE)

RAMKY( TRANSPOR LAND FILLING,

T STORAGE
MANURE
DISPOSAL
FACILITY)
 THANK YOU!
R SAI SHRUTHI 107
RAMYA PABBA 110
REITA RODRIGUES 112
NIKHILA S 116
SAHITHI 117
SHRUTHI JEKSANI 121
VISHNU PRIYA 145
SHRADHA