Female reproduction

Dicky Moch. Rizal

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine,
GMU
dickymd@yahoo.com
Chromosomal determination of gender
 4 weeks germs migration

TDF+, MIF+, TESTOSTERON + TDF - , MIF -

Copied from Leon Speroff

Clin Gyn End
6
Testis formation 7-12 weeks
Partially differentiated external male and
female genitalia
Fully developed male & female external
genitalia
Fetal external genitals: male

15 weeks 16 weeks
 Fetal external genitals: female

11-12 weeks 19 weeks

Fetal external genitals: female

5 months
 Puberty

Terms during puberty :

Adrenarch
Telarche
Menarche
 Body growth
Hormonal influence
Growth spurt
The Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual, Proliferative and Secretory phases

Correlated to the Follicular and Luteal phases of
the ovarian cycle
Menstrual phase (days 1-5)
Proliferative phase (days 5-14)
Secretory phase (days 14-28)
Menstrual cycle
Endometrial cycle

Ovarian cycle

Vagina cycle
THE HISTOLOGIC CHANGES IN
ENDOMETRIUM DURING AN
OVULATORY CYCLE

The purpose of Two-thirds fungsionalis layer

endometrium is to prepare for the implantation of
blastocyst.
Therefore, it is the site of proliferation,
secretion, and degeneration.
The purpose of the one-third basalis layer is to
provide the regenerative endometrium following
menstrual loss of the fungtionalis.
The Proliferative Phase

This is governed by increasing levels of ovarian

-oestradiol (E2)
Mitosis occurs within both epithelial and stromal
cells
General thickening of the tissue
Growth of the glands, which may appear
pseudostratified
Glandular epithelial cell nuclei are basal
The Early Secretory Phase

Begins on the day of ovulation

Increasing levels of luteal progesterone (P4)
Sub-nuclear secretory vacuoles develop within
the glandular epithelium (days 14-20)
Glands become corkscrew-shaped, develop a
nuclear channel system, an enlarged Golgi
complex and giant mitochondria
Stromal cells may acquire vacuoles
11
r

10
 Ovarian structure :
Fixed no germ cell (oocytes)
Weeks 22 gestation --- 7 millions immature
oocytes
Birth---2 millions oogonia
Puberty each ovary weigh 5-10 g
Only 500 oocytes will become mature rest die
(atretic)
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004
Hormonal related
Role of Estrogen
In reproductive system :
Growth of repro organ
Menstrual cycle : foliculogenesis and oogenesis
Vaginal cycle
Pregnancy
Lactation
 Non reproductive system
Brain
Skin
Kidney
Growth
Metabolism
Deposition of Ca
Cardiovascular
 FSH

LH

inhibin

Prolactin

Oxytocyn
 Progesterone
Menstrual cycle
Vaginal cycle
Implantation-pregnancy
Lactation
SPERM TRANSPORT
 SPERM TRANSPORT
THE MORE FORTUNATE SPERM:
BY THEIR OWN MOTILITY

GAIN ENTRANCE IN TO THE TONGUES OF THE CERVICAL MUCUS

THAT LAYER OVER THE ECTOCERVIX, STILL A LIFE UNTIL 8 DAYS

THE SPERM THAT ENTER THE UTERUS;

THE SEMINAL PLASMA IS LEFT BEHIND THE VAGINA

THE ENTRY IS RAPID, AND SPERM HAVE BEEN FOUND IN MUCUS

WITHIN 90 180 SECONDS OF EJACULATION

THE DESTRUCTION OF ALL SPERM IN VAGINA 5 MINUTS AFTER

EJACULATION DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH FERTILIZATION IN
THE RABIT Bedford, 1971.
 SPERM TRANSPORT

THE EXACT MECHANISM FOR ENTRY OF SPERM INTO THE

CERVICAL MUCUS IS UNKNOWN

CONTRACTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

OCCUR DURING COITUS?

CONTRACTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AND

MALE FORCE?

THE SUCCESS OF THERAPEUTIC INSEMINATION, INDICATES

THAT FEMALE COITUS AND ORGASM ARE NOT ESSENTIAL
FOR SPERM TRANSPORT
(Perloff, Steinberger, 1964)
18
 SPERM TRANSPORT
SPERM REACH THE CAUDAL EPIDIDYMIS 72 DAYS AFTER
INISIATION OF SPERMATO GENESIS

SEMEN FORM A GEL IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING EJACULATION,

AND THEN LIQUIFIED IN 20-30 MINUTES.

THE ALKALINE PH OF SEMEN PROTECTION THE SPERM FROM ACID

ENVIRONMENT OF THE VAGINA

MOST SPERM LEFT IN THE VAGINA ARE IMMOBILIZED WITHIN

35 MIN-2 HOURS Sujan et al 1963
SPERM TRANSPORT
200 300 MILLION SPERM DEPOSITED IN THE VAGINA,
FEWER THAN 200 ACHIEVE TO THE EGG

THE MAJOR LOSS OCCURS IN THE VAGINA

DIGESTION OF SPERM BY VAGINAL ENZYMES

PHAGOCYTOSIS OF SPERM ALONG THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

SPERM BURROWING INTO OR BEING ENGULFED BY

ENDOMETRIAL CELLS
 SPERM TRANSPORT
UTERIN CONTRACTION PROPEL THE SPERM UPWARD,

HUMAN SPERM HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBE AS

LONG AS 80 HOURS AFTER COITUS

CERVICAL MUCUS SPERM NUMBER RELATIVELY CONSTANT FOR 24

HOURS AFTER COITUS, AND AFTER 48 HOURS VERY FEW
REMAINING IN THE MUCUS THE SERVICS SUPPLY OF SPERM FOR
UP TO 72 HOURS.

THE SPERM WITHIN THE FALLOPIAN TUBE DIS PLAY NEW

PATERN MOTILITY (HYPERACTIVATED MOTILITY) ,GREATER
SPEED AND BETTER DIRECTION
 EGG TRANSPORT
EGG TRANSPORT ENCOMPASSES THE PERIOD OF TIME FROM
OVUL ATION TO THE ENTRY OF THE EGG TO THE UTERUS

THE EGG CAN BE FERTILIZED ONLY DURING THE EARLY STAGES

OF ITS SOJOURN IN THE TUBE

WITHIN 2-3 MINUTES OF OVULATION, THE OCC ARE IN THE

AMPULLA

EGG ENTRY TO THE TUBE FACILITATED BY MUSCULAR

MOVEMENTS THAT BRING THE FIMBRIAE INTO CONTACT WITH
THE SURFACE OF DIRECT OR CONTRALATERAL THE OVARY OR TO
THE CUL-DE-SAC (Sharma et al, 1987)
 EGG TRANSPORT

THE CILIA ON THE SURFACE OF THE FIMBRIAE HAVE ADHESIVE

SITES AND THIS SEEM TO HAVE PRIME RESPONSIBILITY FOR
INITIAL MOVEMENT OF THE EGG INTO THE TUBE

THIS MOVEMENT DEPENDENT UPON PRESENCE OF FOLLICULAR

CUMULUS CELLS SURROUNDING THE EGG
EGG TRANSPORT

MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS OF THE TUBES AS THE PRIMARY

FORCE FOR MOVING THE EGG

THE CILIARY BEAT IS CRUCIAL FOR EGG TRANSPOR

MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A TO-

AND- FRO MOVEMENT OF THE EGG RATHER THAN WITH A
CONTINUES FORWARD PROGRESSION

TRANSPORT OF THE OVUM THROUGH THE TUBE REQUIRES

APPROXYMATLY 3 DAYS
 KEY STEPS IN EGG
TRANSPOR
1. AFTER OVULATION THE OOCYTE AND ITS SURROUNDING
CUMULUS (OCC) ARE IN THE AMPULA WITHIN 2-3 MINUTES.

2. TUBAL TRANSPORT DEPENDS ON SMOOTH MUSCLE

CONTRACTIONS AND CILIARY-INDUCED FLOW OF SECRETORY
FLUID.

3. THE FALLOPIAN TUBE PROVIDES AN IMPORTANT HOLDING

ACTION TO ALLOW TIME FOR THE ENDOMETRIUM TO BECOME
RECEPTIV AND THE BLASTOCYST TO BECOME CAPABLE OF
INPLANTATION, A TIME PERIOD OF APPROXIMATELY 80
HOURS, 90% OF WHICH IS IN THE AMPULA
 OOCYTE MATURATION

OOCYTE MATURATION IS REGULATED BY THE SEX HORMON

IN HUMAN OOCYTE ESTRADIOL ACTION CAUSES AN INFLUX

EXTRACELLULER CALCIUM FOLLOWED BY THE SECONDARY RISES
CALCIUM IONS FROM INTRACELLULAR STORES

THE TRANSIENT INCREASE IN INTRASELLULER CALCIUM

IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE OOCYTE AND CONTRIBUTE TO
THE CAPABILITY FOR FERTILIZATION
 FERTILIZATION

SPERM PENETRATION OF ZP ON A COMBINATION OF SPERM

MOTILITY, AN ACROSOMAL PROTEINASE, AND BINDING SPERM
HEAD RECEPTOR TO ZP-LIGANDS

BINDING OF SPERM HEAD RECEPTOR AND ZONA LIGANDS

PRODUCE ENZYM COMPLEX THAT INDUCE THE ACROSOM
REACTION, RELEASING ENZYM FOR THE FUSION OF THE SPERM
AND OOCYTE MEMBRAN

FUSION SPERM-OOCYTE MEMBRANES TRIGERS THE CORTICAL

REACTION, THE RELEASE OF SUBSTANCES FROM THE CORTICAL
GRANULES, ORGANELLES JUST BELOW THE EGG CELL MEMBRANE
CAPACITATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY 3 ACCOMPLISHMENT
 FERTILIZATION
THE CORTICAL REACTION LEADS TO THE ENZYM INDUCED ZONA
REACTION, THE HARDENING OF THE ZONA AND INACTIVATION
LIGANDS FOR SPERM RECEPTORS, PRODUCING AN OBSTACLE TO
POLYSPERMY.

CELL DIVISION BEGINS PROMPTLY AFTER FERTILIZATION;

HUMAN GENE EXPRESSION BEGINS BETWEEN 4-AND 8 CELL
STAGES.
 FERTILISATION

THE FERTILIZABLE LIFESPAN OF THE HUMAN OVUM

IS 12 24 HOURS

CONTACT OF SPERM WITH THE EGG ACCURS IN THE

AMPULA

THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE FOR SPERM-EGG

COMMUNICATION WHICH ATTRACTS SPERM TO THE
OOCYTE
ACROSIN
ACROSIN
The farther away from the metaphase spindle
the sperm enters, the farther the microtubules
need to grow in order to pull the female pronucleus
back to the central position.
20
 INTEGRIN

v3 dan osteopontin

HOXA 10- MUC-1, GLYCODELIN, v3 dan osteopontin