Reference

(1) B.L.Thereja; Chapter: 37

(2) Rosenblatt; Chapter: 19
1
Physical Shape of Alternator

2
Rotor and Stator of Alternator

3
In case of alternator (AC generator),
armature is stationary and the field is
Working principle
rotating. When DC voltage is applied
to the field then a constant magnetic
flux is produced. At the presence of
this constant magnetic flux, rotor is
rotated through the prime over. When
field (rotor) rotates, armature
conductors are cut by the magnetic
flux and hence an emf is induced in it.
Since, the magnetic poles are
alternately N & S, therefore an
alternating emf is produced in the
stator conductor. 4
Short-Pitch or Fractional-
Pitch
In most Winding
alternators, opposite
conductors of a coil are less
than one pole pitch i.e less
than spanning over 1800. This
type of winding is known as
short-pitch or fractional-pitch
winding
B. L. Thereja; Art:37.11; page:1309
5
Advantages & Disadvantages of
short-Pitch Winding
Advantages:
They save copper of end connection
They improve the wave-form of generated
emf i.e generated emf can be made to
approximate to a sine wave more easily and
the distorting harmonics can be reduced or
totally eliminated.
Due to the elimination of high frequency
harmonics, eddy current and hysteresis
losses are reduced, thereby increasing the
efficiency.
6
 Disadvantages

The disadvantages of using short-

pitch winding is that, the total
voltage around the coils is
somewhat reduced. Because the
voltage induced in two sides of
short-pitched coil are slightly out of
phase. Therefore, the resultant
vector sum is less than their
arithmetic sum
B. L. Thereja; Art:37.11; page:1309 7
 Pitch Factor
Q. What is pitch-factor? Derive the
equation of pitch-factor.
Ans: The pitch or coil span factor is
defined as the ratio of actual coil voltage
to the coil voltage for a full-pitch coil.
Hence, pitch factor, KP = Vector sum of
induced emf per coil/ Arithmetic sum of
induced emf per coil
Let, Es be the induced emf in each side
of the coil. Now consider the following
figures:

B. L. Thereja; Art:37.11; page:1309 8

 E1 E2 Es
Es Es
2 Es Fig-1 Es Fig-2

If the coils are full-pitch, then the total induced

emf in the coil according to Fig-1 is , E 1=2ES
If the coil is short-pitched by an angle, then
according to Fig-2 the resultant induce emf is

E2 Es Es 2 E cos
2 2 2
s
= 2 Es2 1 cos
2

Es 2.2 cos 2 Es cos
2 2 2 E cos
E2 2 cos
s
= =
Kp
E1 2 Es 2
9
 Distributed Winding
In each phase of an alternator if the
coils are not concentrated or
bunched in one slot, but are
distributed in a number of slots,
then such type of winding is called
distributed winding.

Q. What is distributed winding and

distribution factor?
B. L. Thereja; Art:37.12; page:1310 10
 Distribution or Breadth or
Spread or Winding factor

The ratio of actual phase voltage to that

which would exist for a concentrated
winding is known as distribution factor.
It is also known as Breadth factor or
Spread factor or Winding factor. It
is denoted by Kd
So, distribution factor, Kd = e.m.f with
distributed winding / e.m.f with
concentrated winding
B. L. Thereja; Art:37.12; page:1311
11
 Derivation of Distribution factor

Let, be the angular

D
c
displacement between B
slots.
M E s

= 1800 / No. of slots = Er
1800 /n A E
m N
Es Let, m= No. of r r
slots/phase/pole m
= phase spread angle 2 m 2 o
If be the induced Eemf

s
AM
in oneslot,then
Sin total
AM rSin
voltage induced 2in one r 2

AB E s 2 AM E s 2rSin
polar group i.earithmetic
sum=m 2
B.L.Thereja;
Now, from Art:37.12;
OAM, Page:1311-1312; Fig:37.21 12
 Derivation of Distribution
factor
mE s m.2rSin 2rmSin
2 2
So, arithmetic sum=
m NE m
Sin NE rSin
2 r 2
Now, from ONE,
m
AE E r 2 NE E r 2rSin
So, vector sum, 2
2rSin m Sin m
2 2
mSin
So, distribution factor, Kd =
2rmSin 2
2
Sin
2 2
When is very small then,
Sin m
2
m
13
So, Kd 2
 Equation of induced emf
Let,
Z = No. of conductors or coil sides in series/phase
= 2T [ where T= No. of coils or turns per phase]
P = No. of poles; N = Rotor Speed in r.p.m
F = Frequency of the induced emf in HZ
= Flux per pole in wb
Kd = Distribution Factor
Sin m
2
Kc = pitch or span factor mSin
2
K f = Form factor=1.11
cos
2

B. L. Thereja; Art:37.13; page:1313 14

 Equation of Induced e.m.f
In one revolution of the rotor each stator conductor is
cut by a flux of p. So, d= p & dt60= s. So, average
induced N
d p NP 120 f
N
emf per conductor = dt 60 60
Again, p
N
d p 120 f
average induced emf per conductor = 2f
dt 60 p
If there are z conductors in series/phase, then average
emf/phase2fz 4fT and R.M.S value of
1.11 4fT 4.44 fT
emf/phase= volt. If the coils are
short-pitched
4.44 K c K d fT
& distributed, then actual induce emf =
volt. If the alternator is star-connected
3
then the line voltage is times the phase voltage.
B. L. Thereja; Art:37.13; page:1313 15
Effect of Harmonics on Pitch &
Pitch Factor
Distribution Factor
--For
Fundamental Distribution Factor
Sin m
K c cos --For 3rd Kd 2 --For fundamental
mSin
2 Harmonics
3
cos 2
2
5 --For 5th
Sin 3m
cos 2 --For 3rd Harmonics
Harmonics
2 mSin 3
2

Math: B.L. Thereja; Sin 5m

2 --For 5th Harmonics
Example:37.8,37.13 mSin 5
2
B. L. Thereja; Art:37.14; page:1313-1314 16
 Alternator
= Generated Voltage
Characteristics
Eg
= Terminal Voltage
Xa VT
L
O = Armature current
Ra I a VT A Ia
d
= Armature
Ra
E
g
Resistance

X a= Armature reactance
E g I a Ra I a ( jX a ) VT 0
E g I a ( Ra jX a ) VT
17
Rosenblatt Art:19.9, Fig:19.13; page:381
 Effect of Power factor on Generated
Voltage
Eg VT cos I a Ra 2

VT sin I aX a 2

For Lagging power Factor Eg Ia X a

I a Ra
VT VT sin
Ia

VT cos
Rosenblatt Art:19.9, Fig:19.14; page:38218
Generated Voltage For Unity Power Factor

Eg VT I a Ra I a X a
2 2

Rosenblatt Art:19.9, Fig:19.14; page:382

Eg
Ia X a

Ia VT

I a Ra
19
Generated Voltage For Leading Power Factor

Eg VT cos I a Ra 2

VT sin I a X a 2

Rosenblatt Art:19.9, Fig:19.14; page:382

VT cos
Ia

Eg
I a X a VT sin
VT

I a Ra
Rosenblatt; Math: Example:19.9, 19.10
20