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Rate of Reaction=
Chemical Kinetics
A B
time
[A]
rate = -
t
[B]
rate =
t
13.1
We know how to work out the rate
Thats
of reaction
where the
rate
but that doesnt tell us if the all
expressio
the reactants make the same
n comes
contribution to the overall
in
reaction
Look at this reaction
X+YZ
Or X may
X may make make no
The only way to
more contribution to
find this out is
contribution to the rate of the
through
the rate of the reaction
experimentation
reaction than Y instead it
When you see square brackets
around a formula it means
[HCl]
concentration of
rate [X][Y]
This suggests that X
and Y both have an
rate [X][Y] equal affect on the rate
of this reaction
Question
What would happen if
we double the The rate of reaction
concentration of X or would also double
Y?
Question
Doubling the
What would happen if concentration of Y
we had [Y]2? would quadruple the
reaction rate
Unfortunately, proportionality signs arent k is the symbol
very useful to us, so we need to replace for the rate
it with a constant constant
rate = k[X][Y]
rate = k[X][Y]2
means that Y has
This is the order double the effect of
with respect to Y X on the rate of
reaction
rate = k[X]m[Y]n
rate = k[X]3[Y]2
0.02 0.02 0.0032
In this case the rate is [X]2, giving a curve through the origin
Rate
Concentration
Question [X] [Y] Rate
What is the mol dm-3 mol dm-3 mol dm-3 s-
order of X? 1
rate = k[A][B]2
rate = k[A][B]
Question
If we increase the Therefore, the
temperature of A or
B what happens to Nothing temperature
the concentration? only affects k
Because k varies with temperature it can be used to compare
the same reaction at different temperatures
Temperat Rate Question
ure Constant
(K) (mol-1 dm3 What can we deduce
s-1) from the table?
633 0.0178 x
10-3 As temperature increases
666 0.107 x 10-3 so does the value of k
697 0.501 x 10-3
715 1.05 x 10-3
781 15.1 x 10-3
This only works if the concentration of the
reactants remains the same
Remember,
temperature is a Particles will only react
measure of the if they collide and have
average kinetic enough energy to start
energy breaking bonds.
react
k = A exp( -Ea/RT )
(Arrhenius equation)
Ea is the activation energy (J/mol)
R is the gas constant (8.314 J/Kmol)
T is the absolute temperature
A is the frequency factor
Ea 1
lnk = - + lnA
R T
13.4
Ea 1
lnk = - + lnA
R T
13.4
For any reaction to occur -
(a) Molecules must collide with each
other.
once molecules collide they may
react together or they may not -
Elementary step: NO + NO N 2 O2
+ Elementary step: N2O2 + O2 2NO2
Overall reaction: 2NO + O2 2NO2
13.5
Intermediates are species that appear in a reaction
mechanism but not in the overall balanced equation.
An intermediate is always formed in an early elementary step
and consumed in a later elementary step.
Elementary step: NO + NO N 2 O2
+ Elementary step: N2O2 + O2 2NO2
Overall reaction: 2NO + O2 2NO2