Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS)

Household Water Treatment and Safe
Storage Systems (HWTS)

Bipin Dangol, ENPHO
Dorothee Spuhler, seecon international gmbh
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS)

1
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Copyright & Disclaimer

Copy it, adapt it, use it but acknowledge the source!
Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open-
source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is
made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the
SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing
organisations.
To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that:
You are free to:
Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document
Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document.
Under the following conditions:
Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using.
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and
the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the
suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to
the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.


Contents
1. Water Quality and Safe Drinking Water

2. Concept and Need for HWTS
3. How it can optimise SSWM
4. Pros and Cons
5. Steps of HWTS including Advantages and Disadvantages
Step 1 Sedimentation
Step 2 - Filtration
Step 3 - Disinfection
Step 4 - Safe Water Storage
6. HWTS Promotion in Nepal
7. References

3
1. Water quality and safe drinking water

Water Quality
Physical: Chemical:
pH, Iron,
Turbidity, Arsenic,
Color, Ammonia,
Taste & odor, Nitrate,
TDS, Manganese,
EC, Lead,
Etc. Etc.
Bacteriological:
Bacteria,
Virus,
Protozoa,
Etc.

4

Drinking water treatment systems
Central treatment plants

May be expensive & difficult to manage
Possible contamination during
distribution
Household or Point-of-Use (PoU) treatment

Inexpensive options are available
Difficult to ensure proper use by all

5

Cross Contamination of Drinking Water
Source: ENPHO 2008

6
2. Concept and Need for HWTS (source: WHO 2007)
Dramatically improves microbial water quality

Significantly reduces diarrhoea
Among most effective water, sanitation and health interventions
Highly cost effective
Can be rapidly deployed and taken up by vulnerable populations
Safe water can reduce diarrhea by 39 %
Sanitation can reduce diarrhea by 32 %
Hand washing with soap can reduce diarrhea by 45 %
According to WHO & UNICEF HWTS can pay back up to US$ 60 for every US$ 1
7
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) invested Source: WHO/UNICEF (2005)
2. Concept and Need for HWTS

Concept
Practice or process, not merely technology
Process similar to centralised drinking

water treatment system but at the
household level
Involves 4 main stages:

Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Safe water storage
Safe Water Storage

Source: CAWST (2009)

8
3. How it can optimise SSWM
Water purification at household level
Safe drinking water during Point-of-Use (PoU)
Very important component of household-level water

management
Contributes largely to improved public health
Low cost and simple HWT options are available suiting local
context of urban and rural settings

9
4. Pros and Cons
Pros: Cons:
Relatively inexpensive Difficult to monitor correct
operation and maintenance
Independent from institutional
(O&M) of technologies
set-up or centralised systems
High self-responsibility required
Deployed faster than
from households
community/centralised drinking
water treatment and supply Each households should be
systems provided with knowledge on
O&M of the system
Improves microbial water quality
and reduces contamination risk Treated water may be lower
between treatment and use quality than that offered by a
well designed, operated and
Wide range of simple, low-cost
maintained community system
technologies are available

10
5. Steps of HWTS: Step 1 - Sedimentation

Concept
Physical treatment process used to remove small particles, which

make water cloudy

11

Option 1: Pot Settling
Advantages:
Low costs (for free, if container is already
available)
Simple and easy
Disadvantages:
Time intensive
Removes only partially removes turbidity and
pathogens
Good settling requires multiple containers Source: CAWST (2009)

12

Option 2: Coagulation and Flocculation
Additives encourage settlement of suspended particles
Forms larger particles which precipitate (fall to the
bottom)
Easily removed by settling or filtration
Coagulants
Chemical coagulants:
o PUR Coagulation + Chlorination PUR
Source: Unknown
o Alum (aluminum sulphate)

o PAC (poly aluminum chloride liquid alum)
o aluminum or iron salts i.e. ferric sulphate
Plant coagulants:
o Moringa seeds
o Cactus Cactus
Source: Unknown
13

Option 2: Coagulation and Flocculation
Advantages:
Low costs
Simple and easy
Traditional/indigenous practice
Removes turbidity and some pathogens
Moringa seeds
Source: Unknown
Disadvantages:
Time intensive
Doesnt remove all pathogens
Coagulants may not available everywhere
Alum block
Source: http://: www.cdc.org [Accessed: 26.06.2010]

14
5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration

Option 1: Straining
Source: IFRC, 2008
Up to 50 % reduction using eight layers of Sari cloth in Bangladesh (HUQ et al. 2010)

15

Option 1: Straining
Advantages:
Low costs (free if extra cloths are available)
Time required is minimal, simply the time it
Takes to pour water through the cloth
Simple and easy to reduce turbidity
Known to reduce risk of cholera
Source: IFRC, 2008
Disadvantages:
Requires extra washing of cloth after use
Cloth fibres loosen significantly the more they
are used
Cannot remove all bacteria and viruses

16

Option 2: Biosand Filter
Works mainly due to 4

mechanisms:
1. Mechanical trapping
and sieving
2. Adsorption and
attachment
3. Predation
4. Natural death
(removes iron, turbidity,
pathogens & odour)
Source: http://www.hydraid.org/sol/index.htm [Accessed:
Source: A. DOUCET,
29.04.2010]
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biosand_F
ilter_and_Canari.JPG [Accessed: 29.04.2010]

17

Source: ENPHO
Source: CAWST (2009))

18

Advantages: Disadvantages:
Affordable - no ongoing cost Heavy, should not move after

Made from locally available installation
materials
Turbidity should be less than
Durable 50 NTU
High user acceptability
Takes up to 30 days to develop
Simple and easy to use the biological layer
Can effectively treat 60-80
litres/day Filter must be used almost
every day to maintain the
biological layer

19

Option 3: Ceramic Candle Filter
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Made from locally available Slower flow rate (1.5-3.0 litres
materials per hour)
Easy to transport Breakable
High user acceptability Need to be replaced when
damaged
Simple and easy to use
Need to clean filter regularly if
source water is dirty
Cant guarantee water is
pathogen free
Source: CAWST (2009)

Source: Uknown

20

Option 3: Colloidal Silver Filter Disadvantages:
Advantages: Slower flow rate (1.5-3.0 litres
Low cost and looks beautiful per hour)
Made from locally available Not easily available everywhere

materials Breakable
Easy to transport Need to replace after 3 years
High user acceptability Need to clean filter regularly if
Simple and easy to use source water is dirty
High pathogen removal
Source: ENPHO

21

Arsenic removal with improved Biosand Filters (Surface Complexation)
The SONO Filter

Meets WHO and Bangladesh
standards
Has no breakthrough
Works without any chemical
treatment (pre- or post-)
Without regeneration
Without producing toxic wastes
Produces 2030 L/hour for daily
drinking and cooking needs of 12
families.
Source: http://www.jalmandir.com/arsenic/sono/sono-arsenic-filter.html [Accessed:
30.09.2010]
Source: http://www.jolkona.org/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2009/06/200801109.jpg
[Accessed:30.09.2010]
22

Arsenic removal with improved Biosand Filters (Surface Complexation)
The KANCHAN
Filter
Find out more on:

http://www.cawst.org/e
n/resources/pubs/sectio
n/1-education-materials

23
5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection

Option 1: Chemical disinfection liquid chlorination
Advantages:
Provides residual chlorine for some
protection against re-contamination
Inexpensive Source: Uknown
Widely available in different countries

Easy to transport
Relatively quick

24

Option 1: Chemical disinfection Liquid Chlorination
Disadvantages:
Does not deactivate parasites like
Guardia, Cryptosporidium and worm
eggs
Requires clear water to be most
effective
Risk of by-product formation if water
has high organic content (i.e. surface
waters) Source: CAWST (2009)
Taste is unacceptable to some users

Need to wait 30 minutes
Users require to purchase chlorine on a continuous basis

25

Option 2: Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS)
PET (Polyethylene terephthalat) bottles or bags (1 to 2 litres) filled

with low turbidity water and exposed to sun light
Optical inactivation (UV-A radiation):

o only slightly attenuated by clouds
o turbidity reduces amount of UV radiation that penetrates
water ( containers should not exceed depths of 10 cm)
Thermal inactivation (infrared light):

o increased water temperatures reduces required exposure time
Exposure time:
o 6 hours (bright to 50% cloudy sky) to 2 days (100% cloudy sky)

26

Option 2: Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) (adapted from http://www.sodis.ch/)
Step 1: Wash the bottle well the first time you use it
Step 2: Fill up the bottle fully and close the lid well
Step 3: Expose the bottle to the sun from morning

until evening for at least six hours
Step 4: The water is now ready for consumption

27

Advantages:
Free if plastic bottles are reused
Relies on renewable energy and reduces need for traditional energy
Ideal to treat small quantities of water
Does not change the taste of the water
Bottles are convenient for safe water storage and transportation

28

Disadvantages:
Time-consuming (7 hours exposure)
No residual effect
Requires relatively clear water to be most

effective (turbidity less than 30 NTU)
Requires sufficient solar radiation, therefore

depends on weather and climatic conditions
Not useful to treat large volumes of water

29

Option 3: Boiling
Advantages:
Effectively kills most pathogens
Does not change the taste of the water
Simple and widely accepted
Disadvantages:
Time-consuming
Relies on traditional energy sources such as
firewood (deforestation) and kerosene/gas,
Linked to respiratory health issues caused by
indoor air pollution
Water often tastes flat (fizzy)

30
5. Steps of HWTS: Step 4 Safe water storage
Safe storage involves storing water in a

suitable place using a clean and
appropriate container
For safe water storage, an appropriate
container should have the following
qualities:
Strong and tightly fitting lid or
cover
Tap or narrow opening
Stable base
Durable
Comfortable handle
Allows air to enter as water is
poured

31

Promotion of HWTS by Government of Nepal
GON initiated National POU promotion

campaign in 2005
Intensive campaigns
Set of Training materials
o fact sheets
o flex posters
o flip chart
o technical manual
Mass media campaign:
o TV Spot
o radio jingles
o poster

32

Private Public Partnership (PPP) Initiative
Strategy:
Capitalise on the comparative advantages of
the private and public sectors
Build local capacity
Strengthen supply chain
Awareness campaigns

33

Innovative Promotion

34
7. References
CAWST (2009): An Introduction to Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, A CAWST Training Manual.
Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/file/78-participant-manual-complete-eng [Accessed: 08.04.2010]
CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter Manual, Design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance. Alberta:
Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/assets/File/Biosand_Filter_%20Manual_Version_10_No_Appendices_Sep09.pdf
[Accessed: 07.04.2010]
CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter. (=Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic). Alberta:
Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/section/1-education-materials [Accessed: 01.04.2010]
CAWST (2009): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet Compilation (Academic). Center for
Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/section/1-education-materials [Accessed: 01.04.2010]
ENPHO (2010): Water Quality in Nepal: Compilation of WQ studies conducted by ENPHO with various agencies.
ENPHO (2008): Water Quality Testing at five municipalities in Nepal.
HUQ, A., YUNUS, M., SOHEL, S.S., BHUIYA, A., EMCH, M., LUBY, S.P., RUSSEK-COHEN, E., BALAKRISH
NAIR, G., BRADLEY SACK, R., COLWELL, R.R. (2010): Simple Sari Cloth Filtration of Water Is Sustainable and
Continues To Protect Villagers from Cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. In: mbioasm, Volume 1, Issue 1. Available
at: http://mbio.asm.org/content/1/1/e00034-10.abstract [Accessed: 29.10.2010]
WHO (2007): Combating Waterborne Diseases at the Household Level. Geneva: World Health Organisation
(WHO)
WHO/UNICEF (2005): Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Water for Life: Making it
Happen. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO)
35
Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture
SSWM is an initiative
supported by:
Compiled by:

36

Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Household Water Treatment and Safe

Storage Systems (HWTS)