Fundamentals of

Information Technology

Intro-to-XP.ppt

Bharati Vidyapeeths Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
 Block Diagram of a Computer
System

Bharati Vidyapeeths Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
 When a computer is asked to do a job, it handles the
task in a very special way:

1). It accepts the information from the user. This is

called input.

2). It stored the information until it is ready for use.

The computer has memory chips, which are designed
to hold information until it is needed.

3).It processes the information. The computer has an

electronic brain called the Central Processing Unit,
which is responsible for processing all data and
instructions given to the computer.

4).It then returns the processed information to the

user. This is called output.
Bharati Vidyapeeths Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
 A World of Computers
What is computer literacy?
Knowledge and understanding of computer and its
uses
Computers are everywhere

Next
 What Is a Computer?
How is a computer defined?
Electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory

Processes data into

Accepts data information
Raw facts, figures, and
Data that is organized,
symbols
meaningful, and useful

Produces and stores results

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Advantages of Using Computers
What are the advantages of using computers?

Speed Reliability Consistency

Storage Communications

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 Disadvantages of Using Computers
What are the disadvantages of using computers?

Violation of
Public Safety
Privacy

Impact on Impact on
Health Risks
Labor Force Environment

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 Generation of Computers
First Generation (1946-1954 )
Second Generation (1955-1965)
Third Generation (1968-1975 )
Fourth Generation ( 1976-1980)
(VLSI)
Fifth Generation (1980 till today )
Vacuum tubes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits (IC)
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
Ultra Scale Integrated Circuits (ULSI)
Micro Processor (SILICON CHIP)
What Is a Computer?
What is the information processing cycle?

Input
Process
Output
Storage
Communication

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The Components of a
Computer
Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.
1. Monitor
2. Motherboard
3.CPU
4.RAM
5.Expansion cards
6. Power supply
7.Optical disc drive
8. Hard disk drive
9. Keyboard
10.Mouse
 The Components of a
Computer
What is an input device?

It is used
to enter data
and instructions

Next
 The Components of a
Computer
What is an output device?

Hardware that
conveys
information
to one or more
people

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 The Components of a
Computer
What is the system unit?

Case containing
electronic
components of
the computer
that are used to
process data

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 The Components of a
Computer
What are two main components on the motherboard?

Processor
Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The electronic component that interprets and carries
out the basic instructions that operate the computer

Memory
Consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by
those instructions

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 The Components of a
Computer
What is a storage device?
Holds data, instructions, and information
for future use

Storage
Storagemedia
media
Physical
Physicalmaterial
materialon
onwhich
whichdata,
data,instructions,
instructions,
and
andinformation
informationare
arestored
stored

Storage
Storagedevice
device
Stores
Storesand
andRetrieves
Retrievesitems
itemstotoand
andfrom
from
aastorage
storagemedium
medium

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 The Components of a
Computer
What are storage media?

Hard Disks

USB Flash Drives

CDs

Memory Cards
DVDs

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 Networks and the Internet
A network is a collection of computers and
devices connected together

Used
Usedto
toshare
share

Resources
Resources
Hardware
Hardware
devices
devices Software
Software
programs
programs Data
To
Tosave
save
Data
time
Information time
Information
and
and
money
money

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 Communication device
What is a communications device?

Hardware
Hardwarecomponent
component thatthat
enables
enablesaacomputer
computerto to
send
sendand
andreceive
receivedata,
data, instructions,
instructions,
and
andinformation
information

Occurs
Occurs over
over cables,
cables, telephone
telephone
lines,
lines, cellular
cellularradio
radionetworks,
networks,
satellites,
satellites, and
andother
other
transmission
transmission media
media

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Communication System
Every communication system has 5 basic requirements

Data Source (where the data originates)

Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
Receiver (device used to receive data)
Destination (where the data will be placed)
Communication System
 Transmission Media

Transmission media are of two types :

Guided : cables such as Twisted pair, Coaxial

and Fibre Optics.

Unguided : Non cable methods such as

satellite communication, microwave
transmission, wireless and bluetooth.
 Networks and the Internet
What is the Internet?
Worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals

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 Networks and the Internet
Why do users access the Internet
(1969)?
1. Communications
2. Information
3. Education
4. Entertainment
5. Shopping
6. Banking & Investing

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 Networks and the Internet
What is the Web (1989)?
Billions of documents, called Web pages, available to
anyone connected to the Internet
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 Computer Software
What is software?

Consists
Consists of ofaaseries
series Also
Also called
called aa
of
of instructions
instructionsthat
that program
program oror
tells
tellsthe
thecomputer
computer aacollection
collection of
of
what
what to
todo
do and
and programs.
programs.
how
how to
todo
doitit

Types of Software : Application Software &

System Software
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 Computer Software
What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
Allows you to
interact with the
software using
graphics and visual
images such as
icons
Controls how you
enter data and
instructions and
how the screen
displays
information
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 Computer Software
What is system software?
Programs that control or maintain the operations of
the computer and its devices

Operating
OperatingSystem
System(OS)
(OS)
isisaaset
setof
ofprograms
programs
that
thatcoordinates
coordinatesall
all
activities
activitiesamong
among
computer Utility
UtilityPrograms
Programsallow
allowthe
theuser
usertoto
computerhardware
hardware perform
devices
devices performmaintenance-type
maintenance-typetasks
tasks
usually
usuallyrelated
relatedtotomanaging
managingaa
computer,
computer,its
itsdevices
devicesor
orits
itsprograms
programs

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 Definition of an OS
An Operating System (OS) is a program which
acts as an interface between computer
system users and the computer hardware.
It provides a user-friendly environment in
which a user may easily develop and execute
programs.
Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be
mandatory for computer programming.
So, it can be said that an OS hides the
complexity of hardware from uninterested
users.
Examples of OS are Windows, Linux, Unix,
DOS etc.
Functions of an OS
The OS manages these resources and
allocates them to specific programs and users.
With the management of the OS, a
programmer is rid of difficult hardware
considerations.
An OS provides services for
Processor Management
Memory Management
File Management
Device Management
Concurrency Control
 Computer Software
What is application
software?
Programs designed to make
users more productive
Create/Produce useful data

Word
Spreadsheet
Processing

Presentation
Database
Graphics

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 Computer Software
What is a programmer?
Someone who develops
application or system
software
Programmer writes
the instructions to
direct the computer to
process data into
information

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Categories of Computers

Personal Computers
(desktop)
Mobile Computers and
Mobile Devices

Game Consoles

Servers

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Embedded Computers
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 Personal Computers
What are the two most popular series of personal
computers?
Apple Macintosh
PC and compatibles
usually uses the
use the Windows
Macintosh operating
operating system
system (Mac OS X)

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 Personal Computers
What is a desktop computer?
Designed so all of the components fit on or under
a desk or table

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 Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
What is a notebook computer?

Portable, small enough

to fit on your lap
Also called a laptop
computer
Generally more
expensive than desktop
computers with equal
capabilities

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 Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
What is a Tablet PC?

Resembles a letter-sized slate

Allows you to write on the
screen using a digital pen
Especially useful for taking
notes

Can you say UPS, FEDEX,

DHL?

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 Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
What is a handheld computer?

Small
enough to fit
in one Sometimes referred to
hand as an ultra-personal
computer (uPC), or an
Ultra-Mobile PC
(UMPC), or a handtop
computer
iPad, etc. !!

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 Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
What are smart phones?

A smart phone is
an Internet-enabled
telephone that usually
provides PDA capabilities

Like the iPhone, Treo,

Android (Droid) etc.

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 Servers
What types of servers are there?

Server Controls access to network

resources and provides centralized
storage
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users
[Also called an Enterprise Server]
Supercomputer The fastest, most
powerful, most expensive
computer. Used for applications
requiring complex mathematical
calculations
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 Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a home user?
Personal Finance Management
Web access
Communications
Entertainment
(Games)

Next