Internal Combustion Engines

Mohy S. Mansour
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
The American University in Cairo

1
 Introduction
Chapter 1

Mohy S. Mansour
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
The American University in Cairo

2
 Heat Engines

Fuel
Heat Engine
Converts chemical energy thermal Power
energy - mechanical

Oxidizer
(Air)
Heat

3
 Engine Efficiency and Losses

:
Heat (Radiation, Convection: Coolant)
Friction
Exhaust (Hot exhaust gases)

4
 Heat Engines
External Combustion Internal Combustion
Engines Engines ICE
Combustion occurs outside Combustion occurs inside
the engine e.g.: the engine, e.g.
Steam power plant Petrol engine
Gas turbines Diesel engine
Stirling engine Etc..

5
 Heat Engines
Heat Engines

External Combustion Engines Internal Combustion Engines

ICE

Steam Power Cycles

Rotary Engines Reciprocating Engines

Rankine cycle
Gas Turbines
Other examples
Steam engine Petrol SI Diesel CI
Stirling or hot air engine Brayton cycle Spark Ignition Compression Ignition
Closed cycle gas turbine

Other examples
Wankel engine Otto cycle Diesel cycle
Jet engine

Dual cycle
6
 Basic Design of
Reciprocating Engines

A schematic
diagram of a piston cylinder
arrangement in reciprocating engine

7
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10
 Engines Classification

Type of Ignition
Spark Ignition SI
Compression Ignition CI
Engine Cycle
Four-stroke
Two-stroke
Basic Design
Reciprocating
Rotary
11
 Engines
Classification

Valve Location
In block (flat head),
L head, or T head
(a)

12
 Engines
Classification

Valve Location
In head (overhead),
I engine (b)

13
 Engines
Classification

Valve Location
One-valve in head
and one in block: F
engine (c)

14
 Engines
Classification

Valve Location
Valves in block (d)

15
 Engines
Classification

Valve Location
In block (flat head),
L head, or T head
(a)
In head (overhead),
I engine (b)
One-valve in head
and one in block: F
engine (c)
Valves in block (d)
16
 Engines
Classification
Positionand
number of
cylinders
(a) Single cylinder

17
 Engines
Classification
Positionand
number of
cylinders
(a) Single cylinder
(b) In-line

18
 Engines
Classification
Positionand
number of
cylinders
(a) Single cylinder
(b) In-line
(c) V-engine

19
 Engines
Classification
Positionand
number of
cylinders
(a) Single cylinder
(b) In-line
(c) V-engine
(d) Opposed cylinders

20
 Engines
Classification
Positionand
number of
cylinders
(a) Single cylinder
(b) In-line
(c) V-engine
(d) Opposed cylinders
(e) W-engine

21
 Engines
Classification
Positionand
number of
cylinders
(a) Single cylinder
(b) In-line
(c) V-engine
(d) Opposed cylinders
(e) W-engine
(f) Opposed pistons
22
 Engines
Classification
Positionand
number of
cylinders
Single cylinder
In-line
V-engine
Opposed cylinders
W-engine
Opposed pistons
23 Radial-engine
 Engines Classification

Air Intake
Natural aspirated
Supercharged
Turbo-Charged
Crankcase compressed

24
 Natural Aspirated

The air enters the

cylinder by moving
the piston (suction)

25
 Supercharger

The air is pushed by a compressor driven by

the engine shaft

26
 Turbocharger

The air is pushed

by a compressor
driven by a
turbine. The
power of the
turbine is
obtained from the
exhaust gases.

27
 Crank case
compressed

28
 Engines Classification

Fuel admission in Spark ignition

Carbureted
Multiport fuel injection
Throttle body fuel injection
Gasoline Direct Injection

29
 Engines Classification

Fuel admission in Compression Ignition

Direct Injection
Indirect Injection
Homogeneous Charge Compression
Ignition HCCI

30
 Engines Classification
Fuel used
Gasoline
Diesel Oil or Fuel Oil
Gas, Natural Gas, Methane
LPG
Alcohol-Ethyl, Methyl
Dual Fuel
Gasohol: 90 % gasoline, 10 % Alcohol

31
 Engines Classification
Application
Automobile, Truck, Bus
Locomotive
Stationery
Marine
Aircraft
Small Portable, Chain Saw, model airplane

32
 Engines Classification
Type of Cooling
Air cooled,

33
 Engines Classification
Type of Cooling
Liquid Cooled, Water cooled

34
 Engines Classification
Type of Cooling
Liquid Cooled, Water cooled

35
 History
Gunpowder engine (Huygens, 1680):
Dutch physicist Christian Huygens (1629 - 1695)
The engine is basically a piston-cylinder arrangement as shown below and the piston is
connected to a lift by a rope. A gunpowder charge is initially burned inside the cylinder
causing the piston to rise against atmospheric pressure. Afterwards the products of
combustion cools down and this reduces the pressure inside the cylinder below
atmospheric pressure, then the piston moves down causing the lift to rise up carrying its
load. Dutch physicist Christian Huygens (1629 - 1695)

Rope
Loaded
cylind platform
er

piston

Gunpowder 30.5c

36
m
Inlet pipe
 History
Dutch physicist Christian
Huygens (1629 - 1695)

37
 History
Free piston Otto-Langen engine (Otto-Langen, 1866, German): The
engine is a free piston traveling inside a cylinder, as shown below. The timing
sequence of the charge inlet, ignition and exhaust is controlled by a mechanical
system driven by the piston. In this mechanism a vertical toothed rod is
connected to the piston and is used to rotate a flywheel, controls intake and
exhaust valves and also control the ignition timing. The sequence of the cycle
as follows:
The piston rises upward by the flywheel based on its stored energy during the previous cycle.
The mechanism opens the inlet valve to introduce a fresh charge.
Ignition takes place and then the piston moves further upward.
Then the piston moves downward. During this stroke the exhaust valve opens to push the
combustion products outside the cylinder.

38
 History

39
 History

The Four Stroke Cycle: Beau de Rochas

(1862) Otto cycle (1876): The first principle
of four-stroke petrol cycle was first
introduced by Rochas and Otto. The cycle
details are explained in the following chapter.

40
 History
Brayton engine (Brayton, 1873, American): The
engine consists of two cylinders, one cylinder works
as a compressor and another one works as an
engine, as shown elow. The combustion process
occurs at constant pressure. The engine cylinder is
larger than the compressor cylinder. This cycle is
also known as Joule cycle.

41
 History
Brayton engine (Brayton, 1873, American):

42
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%3D2630949695%3Aup%3DQnJheXRvbiBFbmdpbmU%253D

43
 History

44
 History
The Atkinson engine (Atkinson, 1885, English): The cycle of
Atkinson engine consists of four processes: first compression,
second constant volume combustion, third long expansion to
the initial pressure, and then the fourth constant pressure
process, as shown below (P-v diagram).

45
46
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 History
The Diesel engine (Rudolf Diesel, 1892, German): The
famous diesel engine was first developed by Rudolf Diesel, a
German scientist born in France, 1858-1913. Diesel cycle is
explained in details in the following chapter. Diesel first
experiment was not successful; he tried to inject coal dust into
highly pressurized air but the engine exploded. The combustion
is based on self ignition process by injecting the fuel into highly
pressurized hot air.

47
 History
Two Stroke Clerks engine (Duglas Clerk, 1881, Scottish):
The principle of two-stroke cycle was first introduced by Duglas
Clerk (1854-1932). In his first model, as shown below, a
separate cylinder is used to slightly compress the charge into
the main cylinder. In the main cylinder the charge is further
compressed and then followed by expansion due to the
combustion process. At the end of the expansion stroke of the
piston the exhaust ports are uncovered and then the exhaust
process takes place.

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 History

Eccentric

Bearing

Exhaust ports
Slide valve

Power
cylinder

Crank

Crank shaft

Scavenging cylinder

50
 1893 The Charter Engine (gasoline engine) at the
Fairbanks Morse &co

1893

51
 History
Wankel engine (Felix Wankel, 1902-1957, German):
Wankel engine is the first rotary internal combustion engine.
The engine compartment has a special shape, as shown below,
and contained a three-lobe rotor that traps three separate
volumes. The rotor rotates eccentrically and performs the
induction, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust
processes. The power-to-weight ratio is relatively high.

52
 Dr. Felix Wankel with the
first prototype of his
53 ...rotary engine in 1957
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 History

56
 History
The Stirling engine (1816-1938-1965): It is an external
combustion engine invented by Stirling, a Scottish clergyman
1816, to be used for pumping in mines. Then Philips 1938
further developed the engine. The cycle diagram is presented
in the following chapter.

57
 http://www.animatedengines.com/vstirling.html

58
 History of ICE

1860 J.J.E. Lenoir engine (1822-1900):

power up to 4.5 kW and mechanical
efficiency of 5 %
1867 Otto-Langen engine: mechanical
efficiency of 11 %
1876 Otto engine
1892 diesel engine Rudolf Diesel (1858-
1913)
1920 multi-cylinder engine
59
 Four Stroke SI Cycle

60
Suction
Stroke:
Air+Fuel

61
Compression
Stroke

62
 Combustion
Process
Using
Spark plug

63
Power (Expansion)
Stroke

64
 Exhaust
Stroke

65
66
 SI Actual Cycle P-V

67
 Four Stroke CI Cycle

68
Suction
Stroke: Air only

69
Compression
Stroke: higher
rc than SI

70
 Combustion
Process
Spray
Self Ignition

71
Power (Expansion)
Stroke

72
 Exhaust
Stroke

73
 CI Actual Cycle P-V

74
 Two Stroke CI Cycle

75
 First Stroke: Expansion + Exhaust + suction
76
 Second Stroke: Compression + Combustion

77
78
 Actual Cycle P-V Two Stroke

79
 Hybrid Vehicles

Using both electric motor and ICE

Provides less fuel consumption and low pollution
level
Modes:
ICE running steady to charge batteries + electric
motor driving the vehicle (ICE can be used for
driving if extra power is required)

80
 Hybrid Vehicles

Generator Inverter Battery

Motor

Engine
Belt Drive

81
 Hybrid Vehicles

Generator Inverter Battery

Motor

Engine
Belt Drive

Mode1: Start/low speed Driving:

Battery Inverter Motor Belt Drive Wheels
82
 Hybrid Vehicles

Generator Inverter Battery

Motor

Engine
Belt Drive

Mode2: Power generation during driving:

Engine Belt Drive Wheels
83
Engine Generator Inverter - Battery
 Hybrid Vehicles

Generator Inverter Battery

Motor

Engine
Belt Drive

Mode3: Engine Start:

Battery Inverter (Generator/motor) Belt drive
84
 Hybrid Vehicles

Generator Inverter Battery

Motor

Engine
Belt Drive

Mode4: Full Throttle Acceleration:

Battery Inverter Motor Belt drive Wheels
85
+ Engine Belt Drive Wheels
 Hybrid Vehicles

Generator Inverter Battery

Motor

Engine
Belt Drive

Mode5: Propulsion by the Engine:

Engine Belt Drive Wheels
86
 Hybrid Vehicles

Generator Inverter Battery

Motor

Engine
Belt Drive

Mode6: Power Regeneration:

Wheels Belt Drive Motor Inverter Battery
87
 Hybrid Vehicles

Advantages
Better fuel mileage
Fewer emissions
ICE can shut down if not required
The electric motor can be of dual motor-generator
type

88
 Hybrid Vehicles

Disadvantages
Higher cost
Vehicle must carry dual weight
Battery disposal : environmental impact
Air conditioning and other auxiliaries are more
difficult to satisfy with electric motor

89
 Fuel Cell Vehicles

Generate electricity:
By reverting the electrolysis process of water
Done usually by a Proton Exchange Membrane
cell (PEM).
Hydrogen at one side and oxidizer at the other
side (O2 in air)
Series of stacked cells to produce 60-90 kW
Cleanenergy production: only water vapor is
produced
90
 Engine Emissions and Air Pollution

Four pollutants are generated:

HC
CO
NOx
Particulate

91
 Assignment

Problems: 1 4, 6, 8 and 9
Due Date

92