ALKALI METAL CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
Ganesha University of Education
Jl. Udayana No. 11 Singaraja Bali 81117
 PRESENT BY

I GEDE INDRA PERDANA 1513031045

I KETUT BANDEM ELYADI 1513031046
MUHAMMAD FAHMI 1513031049

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
Ganesha University of Education
Jl. Udayana No. 11 Singaraja Bali 81117
Chapter 1

Alkali Metals
 Alkali Metals
Introduction the alkali metals

History

Isolation

Natural Abudance

Elemental Properties

Reaction

Uses Of The Elements

Where are the alkali metals?
The elements in group 1, on the left of the periodic table,
are called the alkali metals.
lithium Li
sodium Na
potassium K
rubidium Rb
caesium Cs
francium Fr

These metals are all very reactive and are rarely found in
nature in their elemental form.
 Why are they called the alkali metals?
The alkali metals are so
reactive that, as elements,
they have to be stored in
oil. This stops them reacting
with oxygen in the air.
The alkali metals are unlike
most other metals, which
are usually hard and dense.
Alkali metals are soft enough to be cut with a knife, and the
most common alkali metals, lithium, sodium and potassium,
all float on water.
The elements in group 1 also react with water and form
alkaline compounds. This is why they are called alkali metals.
All alkali metals have 1 electron in their outer shell. This
means that:

lithium They can easily obtain a full

2,1 outer shell by losing 1 electron.

sodium They all lose their outer shell

2,8,1 electron in reactions to form
positive ions with a +1 charge.

They have similar physical and

potassium
chemical properties.
2,8,8,1

Electron structure
 The reactivity of alkali metals increases down the group.
What is the reason for this?
The size of the elements atoms, and the
number of full electron shells, increases down
increase in reactivity

Li the group.
Na This means that, down the group, the electron in
the outer shell gets further away from the
K nucleus and is shielded by more electron shells.
Rb The further away an electron is from the
positive attraction of the nucleus, the easier it
Cs can be lost in reactions.
This means that reactivity increases with the
size of the atom.

Electron structure and reactivity

 Alkali Metals
Introduction the alkali metals

History

Isolation

Natural Abudance

Elemental Properties

Reaction

Uses Of The Elements

HISTORY
Lithium was
discovered by Johan
August artwedson or
Arfvedson in 1792-
1841.
Lithium is found in a
mineral first identified
by Jozee Bonifacio de
Andrada e silva and
given a Greek name
that means stone
HISTORY
Sodium was discovered by Sir
Humphry Davy. He was
isolated for the first time by
electrolysis of dried sodium
hidroxide.
When Davy added to water,
sodium decompesed the water
and releasing hydrogen, he
named the new metal sodium,
because he had used caustic
soda as his source of the
element. And then
HISTORY
Potasium was discovered by
Sir Humphry Davy in 1806.
In 1806 Davy isolated
potassium as potassium
hidroxide (potash).
The name potassium is from
the English word potash is a
meaning an alkali extracted
with water in a pot of ash of
burned wood or tree leaves
HISTORY

Rubidium (Latin, rubidus, merah

menyala)
Discovered by Bunsen and Kirchhoff
in 1861 in the mineral lepidolite by
using a spectroscope.
HISTORY

Sesium(Latin, caesius, biru langit).

Caesium was found
spectroscopically by Bunsen and
Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water
from Durkheim.
HISTORY

Francium discovered in 1993 by

Marguerite Perey, scientists Curie
Institute in Paris. Francium is the
heaviest element of the alkali metals,
emerged as a result of the
disintegration of the element
actinium.
 Alkali Metals

Introduction the alkali metals

History

Isolation

Natural Abudance

Elemental Properties

Reaction

Uses Of The Elements

Cara mengisolasi golongan alkali

Litium, Natrium, Putih

kalium, Rubidium keperakan

Cesium Kuning
keemasan

Fransium Radioaktif

Bisa diisolasi
 Cara mengisolasi golongan alkali
Proses Li

LiAlSi2O6 Temperatur
10000C H22S044
Li22S044 Dicairkan dalam
Li22CO33 direaksikan air untuk
dengan menghasilkan
Na22CO33 Li22SO44
Li22SO4(s)
4(s) +
Na22CO3(s) Li22CO3(s) +
3(s) 3(s) Leburan LiCl
Na22SO4(s)4(s) dielektrolisis
LiCO3(s) + 2 HCl(l) 2 LiCl(s) + H22O(l) untuk
3(s) (l) (s) (l)
+ O2(g) Katode memperoleh
: Li +
+
(aq)
(aq)
+ e
-- Li
2(g)
Li(l)
(l)

Titik leleh LiCl (>600) bisa dikurangi Anode : Cl--(aq) Cl22

(aq) (g)
(g)
dengan menambahkan KCl (55% KCl
dan 45% LiCl) + e--
43000C
 Cara mengisolasi golongan alkali
Proses Na Smelting
Down electrolysis Added CaCl2
Process NaCl 58% and little of
Katode :Na++ (aq)
(aq)
+ e --
KF to decrease
Na(s) the melting point
(s)

Anode : Cl-- (aq)

(aq)
Cl22 (g)
(g)
+ e
Proses Kalium
--

High
Elektrolisi Temperatur Na + KCl NaCl
s KCl es +K
Cara modern untuk mendapatkan Kalium
Membiarkan uap Natrium ke
peleburan KCl dengan temperatur
85000C
 Alkali Metals
Introduction the alkali metals

History

Isolation

Natural Abudance

Elemental Properties

Reaction

Uses Of The Elements

 Natural Abudance
UNSUR PERSEN DI KERAK KEBERADAAN DI ALAM
BUMI
Litium 0,0007% di bebatuan Dalam spodumen
beku LiAl(SiO3)2.
Natrium 2,8% Dalam garam batu NaCl,
senyawa Chili NaNO3,
Karnalit KMgCl3.6H2O,
trona Na5(CO3)2.
(HCO3).2H2O, dan air laut
Unsur Persen di kerak Keberadaan di alam
Bumi
Kalium 2,6% Dalam silvit (KCl),
garam petre KNO3, dan
karnalit KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
Rubidiu 0,0078% Dalam lepidolit
m
Sesium 0,0003% Dalam polusit
(Cs4Al4Si9O26)
Fransiu Sangat sedikit Berasal dari peluruhan
m aktinium (Ac - 227).
Bersifat radioaktif
 Alkali Metals

Introduction the alkali metals

History

Isolation

Natural Abudance

Elemental Properties

Reaction

Uses Of The Elements

Alkali metals are not like the typical, transition metals, like
iron or copper:
They are soft and can be cut by a knife softness
increases down the group.
They have a low density lithium, sodium and potassium
float on water.
They have low melting and boiling points.

However, they do share a few properties with typical metals:

They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They are shiny this is only seen when they are freshly
cut.
General properties
The alkali metals generally become more dense down the
group, but the trend is not perfect.

Element Density (g/dm3)

lithium 0.53
sodium 0.97
potassium 0.86
rubidium 1.53
caesium 1.87
Water has a density of 1 g/dm3. Lithium, sodium and
potassium are all less dense than water and will float.

Trends in density
 The melting point of alkali metals decreases down the group.

Element Melting point (C)

lithium 181
sodium 98
potassium 64
rubidium 39
caesium 28
Melting points are lower than for typical, transition, metals,
because alkali metals only have 1 electron in their outer shell.
Not much heat energy is needed for this electron to be lost.

Trends in melting point

 Alkali Metals
Introduction the alkali metals

History

Isolation

Natural Abudance

Elemental Properties

Reaction

Uses Of The Elements

All alkali metals react with air to form metal oxides. This
produces a layer of black oxide on the surface of the metal,
called tarnish.

The speed with which alkali metals react with air increases
down the group:
lithium tarnishes slowly;
sodium tarnishes quickly;
potassium tarnishes very quickly.

Alkali metals are stored in oil to prevent them from reacting

with air and tarnishing.

Reactions with air

The reaction between an alkali metal and air is an example
of an oxidation reaction:

lithium + oxygen lithium oxide

4Li (s) + O2 (g) 2Li2O (s)

What are the word and chemical equations for the reaction of
sodium and air?

sodium + oxygen sodium oxide

4Na (s) + O2 (g) 2Na2O (s)

Equations for reaction with air

 Flame colour
When alkali metals are heated and added to a jar of oxygen,
they burn fiercely with a coloured flame.

lithium sodium potassium

burns with a burns with an burns with a
red flame orange flame lilac flame
All alkali metals react readily with water. The reaction
becomes more vigorous down the group, and creates a lot of
heat.
The reaction creates
Li Li Li H H
O alkaline hydroxide ions.
Li Li Li H H This is why the group 1
Li Li Li O elements are called the
alkali metals.

The reaction also

Li + - H H H H produces a gas that
O H can be ignited by a
Li + -
Li +
Li + O H lighted splint. What is
this gas?
Reactions with water
Lithium is the least reactive of the alkali metals. When
added to water, it fizzes and moves around slowly across
the surface of the water.

lithium + water lithium + hydrogen

hydroxide
2Li (s) + 2H2O (l) 2LiOH (aq) + H2 (g)

Reaction of lithium with water

When added to water, sodium
fizzes more than lithium, and
moves quickly across the surface of
the water. It melts as it reacts, and
it becomes spherical and shiny, like
a ball bearing. The hydrogen
sometimes catches fire because of
the heat from the reaction.
What is the equation for this reaction?

sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

hydroxide
2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

Reaction of sodium with water

When added to water,
potassium burns with a lilac
flame and the hydrogen
catches fire immediately. It
moves across the surface of
the water very quickly. Like
sodium, it melts with the heat
of the reaction.
What is the equation for this reaction?

potassium + water potassium + hydrogen

hydroxide
2K (s) + 2H2O (l) 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)

Reaction of potassium with water

Alkali metals burst into flame when heated and added to
chlorine. They form metal chlorides:

lithium + chlorine lithium chloride

2Li (s) + Cl2 (g) 2LiCl (s)

What are the word and chemical equations for the reaction of
sodium and chlorine?

sodium + chlorine sodium chloride

2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl (s)

Reaction of alkali metals and chlorine

 Alkali Metals

Introduction the alkali metals

History

Isolation

Natural Abudance

Elemental Properties

Reaction

Uses Of The Elements

Lithium is used in:
batteries elemental lithium is used in non-rechargeable
batteries. Lithium compounds are used in lithium-ion
batteries, which are rechargeable.
alloys with other metals, such as aluminium, copper and
manganese, for use in aircraft parts.
medical treatment lithium carbonate is sometimes
used to treat mental illnesses such as depression.
submarines and space vehicles lithium hydroxide is
used to absorb carbon dioxide from the air.

Uses of lithium
Elemental sodium is used in:

street lights sodium vapour gives them

their yellow glow.
nuclear reactors used as a coolant due
to its good conductivity and low melting
point.

Sodium compounds are in many household products:

sodium chloride table salt
sodium hydrogencarbonate bicarbonate of soda
sodium hydroxide oven cleaner

Uses of sodium
Potassium is used in:
fertilizers potassium is an essential element for plants.
It is usually added as a chloride, sulfate, nitrate or
carbonate.
fireworks and explosives as potassium nitrate and
potassium chlorate.
food preservation as potassium nitrate.

Uses of potassium
alkali metal An element that belongs to group 1 of
the periodic table.
hydroxide The alkali produced by the reaction
between an alkali metal and water. It is a compound ion
with a charge of -1.
metal chloride The solid produced when an alkali
metal is burned in chlorine gas.
metal oxide The solid produced when an alkali
metal reacts with air.
oxidation The process by which a substance reacts
with oxygen to produce an oxide.
tarnish Discolouration of metal after exposure to air
caused by the formation of an oxide on the surface.
Glossary
THANKSFULL