Femintro 170107110010

A Picture Album of FEM
The Finite Element Method

Rahul Leslie
Deputy Director
Buildings Design
DRIQ, PWD
Trivandrum
1
The limitations of the human mind are such that it cannot
grasp the behavior of its complex surroundings and
creations in one operation.
Thus the process of subdividing all systems into their
individual components, whose behavior is readily
understood, and then rebuilding the original system from
such components to study its behavior is a natural way in
which the engineer, the scientist, or even and economist
proceeds.
O. C. Zienkiewicz
in The Finite Element Method
2
A Picture Album of FEM presented by Rahul Leslie
FEM
The Practical Side
Skip
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Element Library
Elements
One Dimensional Elements
Two Dimensional Elements
Three Dimensional Elements
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Element Library
One Dimensional (1D) Elements
Two Dimensional (2D) Elements
Three Dimensional (3D) Elements
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A Simple Example
For a simple nib, in the Finite Element Model
It has supports
It is acted upon by forces
It has a body that resists force
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Elements are connected together at the nodes
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element property provided,
Element Specification (Type of Element )
Truss, Beam
Axi-Symmetric
Plane stress, Plate Bending

Plane Strain, Axi-Symmetric
(No Specification
usually Required)
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Element
Library
Truss element
1 Dimensional
Frame element
2 Dimensional Ax-symmetric surface
Plane stress / Membrane

element
2 Dimensional Shell / plate element
Layered shell element
3 Dimensional Axi-symmetric solid
Solid element
3 Dimensional
Layered Solid element
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Element Library
(Continued)
Mass
0 Dimensional
Spring Support
Gap/ Hook elements

Tension only /
Compression only elements
1 Dimensional
Spring / Damper element
Rigid Link
2/3 Dimensional Glue
2 Dimensional
Panel Zone element
3 Dimensional
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Cross Sectional Properties
Truss: A
Beam: IYY, IZZ, A, J, SY, SZ
2D elem: Thickness
3D elem: (No Property

Required)
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material property provided,
For Linear Stress Analysis
Youngs Modulus E
Poissons Ratio (or )
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support conditions defined,
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element property provived,
support conditions defined,
loading provided,
and analysed.
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Coordinate System
Global system
Y
Z Rotational directions (RX, RY

and RZ) are defined as:
When looking through the axis
to the origin, anticlockwise is
+ve
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Coordinate System
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Coordinate System
Local system for beams
GY
X Y
X
GX
Y
GZ Rotational directions (RX, RY
Z and RZ) are defined as:
+ve 21
Coordinate System
Local system for beams orientation node
Rotational directions (RX, RY

and RZ) are defined as:
+ve
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Coordinate System
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Coordinate System
Local system for plates Direction Y is
perpendicular to X
Z
direction, and directed
from j end to k end.
k
Y X
l j
Direction Z is towards
that side from which the
i nodes i, j, k, l in order
appear anti-clockwise
Direction X is parallel to
i-j, and directed from i Rotational directions RX and
end to j end. RY are along local X and Y
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Coordinate System
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Global & Local Coordinate Systems
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Global & Local Coordinate Systems
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Element Formulations
One Dimensional (1D) Elements
Two Dimensional (2D) Elements
Three Dimensional (3D) Elements
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Element Formulations
Based on:
Barycentric local Normalized-Cartesian
coordinate system local coordinate system
(l1, l2) (r)
(a1, a2, a3)

(r, s)
(v1, v2, v3, v4)

(r, s, t)
Note:
l1 = L1/L
a1 = A1/A
v1 = V1/V 29
Element Library
1D Elements
Truss Elements
Beam Elements (incomplete/complete)
2D Elements
Plane Stress Elements (incomplete/complete)
Plate Elements
Shell Elements (incomplete/complete)
3D Elements
Solid elements
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Truss element
Truss element with DoF in local directions
Truss element with DoF in global directions
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Beam element
Beam element (text book derivation)

Beam element with DoF in local
directions
Beam element with DoF in global directions
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Plane elements
Plane
Plane stress
stress element
element (incomplete)
(with drilling DoF) Plate element
Shell element
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Solid element
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Element Library (Continued)
1D Elements used for 2D structures
1D Axi-symmetric elements
2D Elements used for 3D structures

2D Axi-symmetric elements
Plane Strain Elements
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Examples with 1D Element
(1) Truss Elements
(2) Beam Elements
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Examples with 1D Element
(1) Truss Elements:
A roof truss
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A Transmission Line Tower
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A Truss Girder Crane
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(2) Beam Elements:
An RCC frame
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A car frame
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Hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof
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St. Matthews Catholic Church, Michgan
St Francis Assisi Cathedral, Kerala
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(2) Plate Bending Elements: A roof
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A swimming pool and tank
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A Coca~Cola can
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Examples with 3D Elements
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Hexahedral Elements Tetrahedral Elements
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a piston
(using Hexahedral Elements)

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more machine parts
(using Tetrahedral Elements)
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using Hexahedrons & Tetrahedrons together
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A bridge.
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And a hip bone.
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Examples of 2D Elements
Posing as 3D Elements
1) Plane Strain Elements
2) Axi-Symmetric Elements
3) Fibre-section Model
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1) Plane Strain Elements
(& Generalised Plane Strain Elements)
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A Dam
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and a tunnel
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2) Axi-Symmetric Elements
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Some machine part
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3) Fibre Section Model
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Examples of Models with
Elements of 1D, 2D, 3D together
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Wrights aero-plane
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An RCC frame (with trusses)
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Shearwalls using shells,
slabs using plates or shells &
Beams, columns and braces with frame elements
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The Burj-Khalifa (Dubai) building one floor
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An overhead water tank
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FE Model of an RCC Structure
Solid Elements for Concrete and Line Elements for Reinforcement
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Steps in an FEM Analysis
Preprocessor/Modeling
Analysis run / Solve
Post-processing/View results
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Preprocessor / Modeling:
Identification of the appropriateness of analysis by FEM

Identification of type of analysis
Idealization, ie., choice of element type/types
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A connecting plate
brick elements
shell elements.
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Shear wall
plate elements
frame elements & rigid links.

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Preprocessor / Modeling:
Identification of the appropriateness of analysis by FEM

Identification of type of analysis
Idealization, ie., choice of element type/types
Discretization of the solution region (meshing)
Creation of material behavior model
Application of boundary conditions
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Analysis run / Solve:
Formulation of element stiffness matrices

Assembly of global stiffness matrix [K]
formulation of load vector {F}
Solution of [K]{u}={F} to get nodal displacements {u}
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Analysis run / Solve:
Formulation of element stiffness matrices

Assembly of global stiffness matrix [K]
formulation of load vector {F}
Solution of [K]{u}={F} to get nodal displacements {u}
(Solution of [K] [M] in case of dynamic analysis)
(Solution of [K] [Kg] in case of buckling analysis)
Calculation of elemental stresses
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Postprocessing / View results:
View results (displacements, stresses, mode shapes, etc.)

Interpret and validate results
If required, re-formulate, and re-analysis
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Types of Analysis
Static
Dynamic
Buckling
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End of Part I
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FEM Packages
Presented by
Rahul Leslie
Deputy Director,
Buildings Design,
DRIQ Board, PWD
99
Where FEM started from
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1) The first paper in FEM:
M. J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin & L. J. Topp,

Stiffness and Deflection Analysis of Complex
Structures, J. Aeronautical Science 23 (9), pp. 805-823,
Sept. 1956.
2) The coining of the name Finite Element Method:
R. W. Clough, The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress

Analysis, Proc. 2nd ASCE Conf. On Electronic Computation,
Pittsburg, Sept. 1960.
101
3) Introduction of Isoparametric elements that made
FEM so very versatile:
B. M. Irons & O. C. Zienkiewicz, The Isoparametric Finite

Element System A New Concept in Finite Element
Analysis, Proc. Conf. Recent Advances in Stress Analysis,
Royal Aeronautical Society, London, 1968.
4) SAP-IV -- the first FEM Package :
K. J. Bathe, E. L. Wilson & F. E. Peterson, SAP IV A

Structural Analysis Program for Static and Dynamic
Response of Linear Systems, Report No. 73/11, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, June 1973.
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The Packages that model them..
First FE Package
SAP IV
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http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/Software/SAP4ZIP
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First FE Package
SAP IV
General FEM Civil Engg. Specific
ANSYS, Civil FEM STAAD.Pro
ABAQUS SAP2000, ETABS
MSC-NASTRAN MIDAS/Gen
MARC, ADINA, etc. SCADDS, STRUDS,
NISA, STARDYNE, RISA-3D,Orion,etc.
etc. NISA/Civil
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End of Part
Rahul Leslie
rahul.leslie@gmail.com
122
FEM - II
The Finite Element Method
Rahul Leslie
Deputy Director
Buildings Design
DRIQ, PWD
Trivandrum
123
The laws of nature are written in the language of
mathematics. These often take the form of ordinary or
partial differential equations.
The electronic digital computer is an amazingly fast
calculating tool; but it can handle only arithmetic.
The differential equation governing the physical
phenomena have therefore to be reduced to a system of
simultaneous equation, before the computer can solve
then by a series of arithmetical operations.
Finite Element techniques do precisely this.
G. S. Ramaswamy
in Design and Construction of
Concrete Shell Roofs 124
Higher order elements
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First Order Elements
Second Order Elements
Third Order Elements
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Lagrangian
Seredipity
Transitional
Skip NASA
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Fineness of Meshing
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The course The medium The fine
Skip demo
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The Good... The Bad.. The Ugly
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Mapped Meshing,
Free Meshing
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Mapped meshing
A Picture Album of FEM Free meshing
presented by Rahul Leslie
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Poor meshing Better meshing
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Poor meshing Better meshing
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Reducing the problem
Detail Suppression
Dimensional Reduction
Plane Strain
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Axi-Symmetry
Planar Symmetry
Cyclic Symmetry
Repetitive Symmetry
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The Cessna Plane analysed
by sub-structuring.
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Domain Decomposition for Distributed Computing
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FE Domain Decomposition
Distributed Matrix Solver

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Thank you!
Rahul Leslie
rahul.leslie@gmail.com
154

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A Picture Album of FEM

The Finite Element Method

Two Dimensional (2D) Elements

Three Dimensional (3D) Elements

It is acted upon by forces

It has a body that resists force

Element Specification (Type of Element )

Plane stress, Plate Bending

2 Dimensional Ax-symmetric surface

Plane stress / Membrane

Layered shell element

3 Dimensional Axi-symmetric solid

Gap/ Hook elements

2/3 Dimensional Glue

Cross Sectional Properties

3D elem: (No Property

For Linear Stress Analysis

Z Rotational directions (RX, RY

Rotational directions (RX, RY

Two Dimensional (2D) Elements

Three Dimensional (3D) Elements

(l1, l2) (r)

(a1, a2, a3)

(v1, v2, v3, v4)

Truss element with DoF in local directions

Truss element with DoF in global directions

Beam element (text book derivation)

Beam element with DoF in global directions

2D Elements used for 3D structures

(2) Beam Elements

St. Matthews Catholic Church, Michgan

St Francis Assisi Cathedral, Kerala

(using Hexahedral Elements)

(using Tetrahedral Elements)

1) Plane Strain Elements

Analysis run / Solve

Identification of the appropriateness of analysis by FEM

frame elements & rigid links.

Identification of the appropriateness of analysis by FEM

Formulation of element stiffness matrices

Formulation of element stiffness matrices

View results (displacements, stresses, mode shapes, etc.)

1) The first paper in FEM:

M. J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin & L. J. Topp,

2) The coining of the name Finite Element Method:

R. W. Clough, The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress

B. M. Irons & O. C. Zienkiewicz, The Isoparametric Finite

4) SAP-IV -- the first FEM Package :

K. J. Bathe, E. L. Wilson & F. E. Peterson, SAP IV A

Second Order Elements

Third Order Elements

Distributed Matrix Solver

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