ION EXCHANGE

AND DIALYSIS
THE REMOVAL OF IONS
FROM SOLUTION USING
RESINS
RESIN PARTICLE AND BEADS
Ion exchange of monovalent cations: (assume = 1)

For most solutions A = B

Ion exchange of mixed-valent cations: (assume = 1)
CROSSLINKING TO MAKE ION EXCHANGE RESINS
Selectivity of Ion Exchange Resins
In Order of Decreasing Preference
Strong acid cation Strong base anion
Barium Iodide
Lead Nitrate
Calcium Bisulfite
Nickel Chloride
Cadmium Cyanide
Copper Bicarbonate
Zinc Hydroxide
Magnesium Fluoride
Potassium Sulfate
Ammonia
Sodium
Hydrogen
Chelating Cation Resin
Selectivities for Metal
Metal KM/Caa
Hg+2........................... 2,800
Cu+2........................... 2,300
Pb+2........................... 1,200
Ni+2 .......................... 57
Zn+2........................... 17
Cd+2........................... 15
Co+2....... .................... 6.7
Fe+2............................ 4.7
Mn+2............................ 1.2
Ca+2............................ 1
Selectivity coefficient for the metal over
calcium ions at a pH of 4
Cost of Commercially Available
Resins
Resin Cost($/ft3)
Strong acid cation.......... 45-130
Weak acid cation............ 120-160
Strong base anion........... 210-270
Weak base anion............. 210-260
Chelating cation............ 350-650
SMALL SCALE
ION EXCHANGE
COLUMNS
SKID-LOADED SMALL SCALE ION EXCHANGE PLANT
LARGE-SCALE ION EXCHANGE COLUMNS
POSITIONING OF
RESIN BEADS FOR
A MIXED BED JUST
AFTER BACKWASHING
Improved Nitrate
Removal from
Drinking Water
by Ion Exchange:
Testing a
Hydraulic Device
for Improved
Regeneration
IXCalcTM

A powerful computer program

 High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (DEAE and CM)</
America's really big sacred cow is fluoridation of drinking
water. Fact: Fluoride is so toxic that only one milligram
constitutes a prescription dose. In spite of this, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) allows up to this
amount in a single glass of drinking water. Fact: Virtually
every country in Europe has stopped fluoridation. Research
shows that fluoride confers little if any real benefit. Fact:
Persons who have grown up with fluoridated water have, on
the average, only 1/2 of one filling less per lifetime than
people who did not drink fluoridated water (Chemical and
Engineering News, May 8, 1989).
 Of the 50 largest cities in the United
States, 43 have community water
fluoridation. Fluoridation reaches 62%
of the population on public water
suppliesmore than 144 million
people.
Water fluoridation costs, on average,
72 cents per person per year in U.S.
communities (1999 dollars).

Fluoride also benefits adults,

decreasing the risk of cavities at the
root surface as well as the enamel
crown. Use of fluoridated water and
fluoride dental products will help
people maintain oral health and keep
more permanent teeth.

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm
ELECTRODIALYSIS