What Cellular Process

Allows Multicellular
Single
cell

one to
anoth
From
er
Cell Division
Cell Division Cycle

Is essential for
Growth
Mother and daughter cells are identical
Maintenance
Cell turnover

Components of the nucleus and cytoplasm divide

during cell cycle
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm
Cell Cycle
Control of cell division is complex &
precise
Steps occur in sequence
Must know when to proceed/wait
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Normal Growth Conditions
Protein content increases
RNA synthesis continues, except during
cell division (M phase)

Overall growth is a steady process

Interphase
Decision making time for cell
Should cell replicate??
Mitosis?? Can lead to cancer
Often looks like nothing is happening
Makes up 90% of the time
Has 3 subphases
G1 separates the end of mitosis from the next
round of DNA replication
S phase DNA replication
G2 phase gap between S phase and Mitosis
Cells can remain in G1 for weeks or even years
 G0 Phase
There are times when a cell will leave
the cycle and quit dividing.
This may be a temporary resting period
Can be permanent
ie a cell that has reached an end stage of
development and will no longer divide (e.g.
neuron).
G1 phase
Cells increase in size
Produce RNA and synthesize protein.

An important cell cycle control

mechanism activated during this period
(G1 Checkpoint) ensures that everything
is ready for DNA synthesis.
 S Phase
To produce two similar daughter cells
the complete DNA instructions in the cell
must be duplicated.
DNA replication occurs during this S
(synthesis) phase.
 G2 Phase
Cells continue to grow and produce new
proteins.
At the end of this gap is another
control checkpoint (G2 Checkpoint) to
determine if the cell can now proceed to
enter M (mitosis) and divide.
Practical implications

Most cells have limited number of divisions

Stem cells
Divide indefinitely
Can make many types of cells
differentiate

Mistakes can lead to tumours

 When Things go Wrong
Cancer
Mitosis
Mitosis
Mitosis = process of nuclear division
Occurs in somatic cells (not germ-line)

http://www.rebeccastmartin.com/mnemonicdevices/phase
scelldevelopment.htm
Mitosis
M-Phase is divided into 6 stages
Based on observations using the light
microscope on living cells and a mixture of
light and electron microscopy
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase cytokinesis (non-nuclear)
Mitosis - Prophase

Prophase (beginning of mitosis)

Transition from G2 to M is not clear
Chromosomes condense (shorted and
thicken)
Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Chromosomes are composed of 2
identical (sister) chromatids
Centromeres have divided but remain
together
Spindle fibres begin to grow from the
centrosome
Mitosis - Metaphase

Chromosomes move to the equator of

the cell (metaphase plate)
Spindle fibres become attached to the
sister chromatids
Spindle apparatus is complete
Mitosis - Anaphase
Sister chromatids begin to separate and form
chromosomes
Chromatids move towards opposite poles (1 um per
minute
Can be delayed until all chromosomes are on the
metaphase plate
Mitosis - Telophase
Sister chromatids arrive at opposite poles
Reverses the steps of prophase to return to
interphase
Chromosomes uncoil & protein synthesis begins
Nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis takes place
Cell entered G1 phase
 Cytokinesis
Contractile ring forms
Start by a groove in the
membrane
Organelles need to be
produced
not distributed equally
between daughter cells
Mitochondria and
chloroplasts split between
each daughter cell http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/mitosis/section3.rhtml

Golgi and ER break up and

the daughter cells inherit
components
Meiosis

Grant McKenzie
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bio
s/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect1
6.htm
What is meiosis?
Gamete formation
Sperm/pollen and egg

From diploid (2 copies)

to haploid (1 copy)
Resorted NOT doubled

4 daughter cells contain

a complete set of
chromosomes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.3679

Promotes genetic
diversity
Genetic Diversity

Meiosis gives rise to genetic diversity

Crossing over
Occurs between homologous chromosomes not sister
chromatids
Chance combination of gametes during fertilisation
Genetically diverse sperm and eggs can unite
Meiosis
Involves two cell Divisions
Meiosis I a reduction from 2n to 1n
Meiosis II resembles mitosis (1n to 1n)
Meiosis Prohase I
Similar to prophase of mitosis
chromosome duplication & spindle formation
Chromosomes condense and are attached to the
nuclear membrane
Paring of homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes join along their length
Chromosomes fuse together and are referred to as
bivalents
Overview of DNA Synthesis
In each cycle of
cell division, the
cell first makes a
copy of all of the
DNA in each of the
chromosomes

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/dna/fg13.html
Meiosis Prohase I
Crossingover occurs throughout prophase I
Crossing Over
Adjecent homologous chromosomes break and
swap genetic material
Greatly increases the genetic variation
Tetrads form chiasmata, X shapped
configuration that marks crossing over
Homologous
chromosomes

Chiasma

Recombinant
http://www.unis.org/UNIScienceNet/IBHbio2_know
ledge.html chromatids
Meiosis - Metaphase I
Nuclear membrane breakdown
Development and attachment of the
machinery to pull the tetrads
(chromosomes) apart (kinetochore &
microtubules)
Tetrads move to the equatorial plate
There is no splitting of the sister
chromatids like mitosis
Meiosis Anaphase I
Cohesin breaks down between the
centromeres
homologous chromosomes are pulled apart
Called a reductional division
For every tetrad there is now 1 chromosome in
the form of a chromatid pair called a dyad
Located at each pole
Each daughter cell is haploid
Meiosis - Telophase I & Prophase II
Telophase I does not occur in all species
Chromosomes enter an interphase
configuration as cytokinesis takes place
No chromosome duplication occurs
Nuclear envelope reforms

Cell enters Prophase II

Meiosis II Prophase II
Meiosis II is basically a mitotic division
Chromatids from each chromosome are pulled
apart to opposite poles
For each original cell entering Meiosis I, 4
haploid cells emerge at telophase II

Meiosis II is an equational division

Reduces the amount of genetic material per cell by
half, does not reduce the chromosome number by 2
Cell Division - Cytokinesis
Contractile ring forms
Does not always occur
after mitosis
Start by a furrowing of
the membrane
Organelles need to be
produced
need not be distributed
equally between daughter
cells

http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrepro
duction/mitosis/section3.rhtml
Meiosis square Dance
Meiosis vs Mitosis