Power Transmission and Distribution

Principles of system protection technology

Transformer Differential Protection

Basic principles : Kirchhoffs knot rule

Basis for Differential-Protection:

I
1
I
I 2

4
I
3

I1 + I 2 + I3 + I4 = 0
I=0
Definition:
Currents, which flow into the knot (protected object), are counted positive.
Currents, which flow out of the knot (protected object), are counted negative.

Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar

Principles Transf. Dif 2

Basic principles: current comparison

IP1 IP2 IP1 IP2

I1F I2F IF
Protected Protected
object object
IS1 IS2 IS1 IS2
IS1 IS2
I IDif =I1 + I2 I IDif =I1 + I2

internal fault external fault or load

Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1 Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IP1 = I1F IP1 = IF
IP2 = I2F IP2 = -IF
IDiff = IP1 + IP2 = I1F + I2F IDiff = IP1 + IP2 = IF - IF = 0
Trip no Trip

Requirements for Differential Protection:

1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets ) Trip
2) External faults no Trip

Principles Transf. Dif 3

Basic principles : restrained current comparison
(1/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT-errors

Ct 1: Ct 2:
IP1 1= - 2 = IP2 = -IP1
Protected IF
5% +5%
object

IS1= IS2=
0.95IP1 IDiff = 0.1IP1
1.05IP2
I

assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IDiff = IS1 + IS2 = (1+1) IP1 + (1+2)IP2 = 0.95 IP1 1.05
IP1 = 0.1IP1

-normal operation: IP1 = IN

IDiff = 0.1IP1 = 0.1IN

-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10IN

IDiff = 0.1I
As the setting IDif> = 1I
P1 for usual
N

applications Restrained characteristic

lays below nominal current, necessary!
it would cause a wrong trip in case of
external faults with heavy current!
Principles Transf. Dif 4
 Basic principles: restrained current comparison
(2/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT- errors
CT 1: CT 2:
IP1 1= - 5% IP2 = -IP1
2 = + 5% IF
Protected
object

IRest IRest =IS1+IS2

IRest = 2IP1
IS2=
IS1= 1.05IP2
0.95IP1
IDiff= IS1+ IS2
IDiff
IDiff = 0.1IP1

Setting due to Linear error due to

magnetising or different
charging currents CT transformation
IDiff=
IS1+IS2 Resulting Under the following
characteristic
assumption
IN
1 = 2 and I1 = I2
Trip
the result for a
conventional
Block Diferential Prot.
IDiff> characteristic
should be:
2 10 IRest =IS1 +IS2 IDiff = IDiff> + 1I1 + 2I2
Principles Transf. Dif 5
Basic principles: measuring circuit for a 3-phase
system

Basic circuit for a 3- phase system:

Generator / Motor / Reactor

L1

L2

L3

Diff.

Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Protection

Principles Transf. Dif 6

Transformer Differential Protection special qualities

Angle shifting N30 due to vector group (0 N 11)

for 3-phase transformers.

Diferent current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side
(HV)
and on the low voltage side (LV)

Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause

diferential current

Transformer-tap changer, magnetising current

Transient currents
Inrush
CT-saturation

Principles Transf. Dif 7

3-phase Transformer: primary values
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A 750/1A
2L1 1L1
I2L1 I1L1
I2*L1
2L2 1L2
I2L2 I1L2
I2*L2
2L3 1L3
I2L3 I1L3
I2*L3

kU = U1N/U2N = 110kV/20kV =
5.5
kWinding = w1/w2 = kU/3
I2*L1 = -I1L1ku /3 + I1L2ku /3

I2*L
I1L1ku/3 3
I1L1

530
I2*L2

I1L2ku /3
I1L3 I1L2

-I1L1ku
/3
I2*L
Principles Transf. Dif 8
3-phase Transformer : secondary values

SN I
I L1sec NCT1sec
3 U N I NCTlprim

100MVA 1A
I1L1sec 0.7A
3 110kV 750A
I1L1sec= 0.7A ,
0
100MVA 1A
I2L1sec 0.96A
3 20kV 3000A

IDiff L1 = I1L1sec+ I2L1sec

= 0.5A

I2L1sec = 0.96A ,
-150

Principles Transf. Dif 9

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of
(1/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A ILoad=
525A L1
2887A
L2

L3

0.96A 0.7A

Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

nominal Load (no fault): 0.70A 23Wdg = 0.555A 29Wdg, IR = 0.5553

= 0.96A
Principles Transf. Dif 10
 Transformers in star-delta connection: I0-current
Vector group: YNd5 , Ratio: 1/3
side 2: side 1:
~ L1

~ L2

~ L3

3I0
IL1(S2) = -IL1(S1) , IL3(S2) = IL1(S1)
I L1(S2) IL3(S2) IL1(S1)
1 2 3

positive No Problem for

I1
sequence Differential Protection
- 530
IL1(S2) = I1 + I2 IL1(S1)= I1 + I2 + I0 = 3I0

IL2(S2) = a2I1 + aI2 = 0

+ + IL2(S1)= a2I1 + aI2 + I0 = 0

IL3(S2) = aI1 + a2I2 IL3(S1)= aI1 + a2I2 + I0 = 0

+ 530
negative No Problem for
I2
sequence Differential Protection

+
Differential Protection
zero sequence I0
I0 elimination nessesary
Principles Transf. Dif 11
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of
(2/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
13655A
~ L2

~ L3

3I0
IP =
4.55A 5.73A 4300
A

Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

single pole fault HV -side: 5.73A 23Wdg = 4.550A 29Wdg , IR =

4.55A
Principles Transf. Dif 12
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of
(1/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A I2 750/1A
L1P I1L1P
2L1 1L1
I2L2P I1L2P
2L2 1L2
I2L3P I1L3P
2L3 1L3

I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S

Current Io Vector Io Current
I2L2S value handling group
I2B comparison I1B
handling value
I1L2S
adaptation adaptation adaptation
CT 2
I CT 1
I2L3S I2C I1C I1L3S

Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

Principles Transf. Dif 13

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of
(2/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Parameterisation of transformer and CT- data
in a 7UT6 Differential Protection Device

I0-Elimination

Principles Transf. Dif 14

Tripping characteristic of Transformer Differential
Protection
CT-errors , Tap changer , Magnetising current

I Diff
InO
3.0 Fault
Characteristic
2.5
Trip
slope 2
Total error
2.0
Block

1.5
CT- error

1.0
slope 1 Tap changer error
0.5

IDiff>
Transf. magnetising current
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 I Rest InO

Characteristic: IDiff = f (IRest) InO = nominal current of the protected

IRest = |I1| + |I2| object

Principles Transf. Dif 15

Transient currents (with Harmonics)
- Inrush of Transformers
(1 of 2)
i1 iDiff = i1
even
Inrush
2. Harm.
Y Y
t=0
i1 i2 = 0

even i1 iDiff = i1
Inrush
2. Harm.

Y
t=0
i1 I2 = 0

Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1

(Sympathetic Inrush T1) i1 -T1: iDiff = i1
-T1

i1 I2 = 0
-T2

t=0
Inrush -T2 t=0 t

Principles Transf. Dif 16

Inrush, cross block, over excitation [V/Hz] (2 of 2)
filter window
1 cycle
iRUSH
Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
= iDiff Inrush current
in one phase L1-block IDiff, L1 > trip blocking

L2-block IDiff, L2 > trip blocking

L3-block IDiff, L3 > trip blocking

1P 2P 3P t

I 2har
I Diff block Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)

L1-block
Setting
15 % value IDiff > trip blocking
L2-block OR
1 for an adjustable time
L3-block
no block
0
0 t

recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to basic wave IDiff.

Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
Principles Transf. Dif 17
 Demonstration of Inrush with evolving fault

Internal
fault

IDiff>>

Inrush

IDiff>
3 cycles
Cross Blocking

Principles Transf. Dif 18

Transient currents (with harmonics)
(1/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
iDiff = i1 + i2
Over excitation (U/f)
UTr > UN uneven
5. Harm.

i1 i2

External fault with i1 iDiff = i1 + (-i2)

CT-saturation at the even
low voltage side and
uneven i2
HV LV

i1 i2

Internal fault with I1 (ideal CT) iDiff = i1

CT-saturation at the
high voltage side even
and
uneven i1
HV LV

i1 I2 0

Principles Transf. Dif 19

Transient currents (with harmonics)
(2/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
Principle of Add-on stabilisation for external
faults

I Diff Tripping characteristic 7UT6

InO
IDiff>>
7

Fault
6 Characteristic Trip
Block
5
D
C
4

3
Add-on
Stabilisation
2

1
Begin of saturation
IDiff> B
0 14 I Rest
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16
A
InO

Principles Transf. Dif 20

 Demonstration of add-on stabilisation

Fault
Characterist
ic
Block

Trip

Add-
Stabilisation

Principles Transf. Dif 21

 Differential elements IDiff> and IDiff>>
measured value Instantaneous Tripping
pre-processing values characteristic,
( vector gr. ,Cts ) rectified mean saturation
IDiff
i1L iRest = i1 + i2
side 1 value: detection
i2L IRest = iRest
fundamental Trip
side 2 iDiff = i1 + i2
wave: IDiff>
IRest & IDiff>
IDiff = rms(iDiff)50Hz
Motor
start
DC off set of
analysing
harmonics:
-block by 2. & 3. or
5.har
iDiff iRest IRest -cross
IDiff block
IDiff
IDiff>
Trip
I / InO

>

I / InO
iDiff IDiff>
kIDiff>
>
1 >
ms ms

IDif> restrained (biased) diferential function, IDif> = f(IRest)

- Ct-saturation detector (add on stabilization) for external faults.
IDif>>fast unrestrained high current diferential function, its setting therefore should be
higher then
the maximum possible through flowing current! Example Transformer: I Dif>> >
(1/uk)InO
This function will be not blocked by harmonics due to an inrush or Ct-saturation!
The IDif>> stage evaluates the fundamental wave of the currents as well as the
instantaneous values.
- Fundamental wave processing: fast tripping at the set threshold.
- Instantaneous value processing: ensures fast tripping even in case the fundamental
Principles Transf. Dif 22
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching
(1/2)

SN = 100 MVA
UN2 = 20 kV UN1 = 110 kV
3000/1A 750/1A IP1 = 500A
IP2 = 2750A
(load current) Side 2 Side 1 (load current)
InO2 = 2887A InO1 = 525A

measured
IS2 = -0.916A 7UT6 IS1 = 0.66A secondary currents
7UM62

IDiff = ?
IRest = ?

Principles Transf. Dif 23

 Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching
(2/2)
SN
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current I nO
3 U Setting
I NCT
2. Correction factor kW
I nO

3. Correction nominal current I* = kWIS

4. Calculation of the differential and IDiff = |I1* + I2*| IRest = |I1*| + |I2*|
restraint current

Calculation example:

SN = 100MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 20kV

IN1CT = 750A IN2CT = 3000A
Correction kW1 = 1.428 kW2 = 1.039 IDiff = 0A
factors:
Ip1 = 500A Ip2 = 2750A IRest = 1.9A
Load conditions:
Is1 = 0.666A Is2 = -0.916A IDiff = 0 I/InO
Secondary
currents: I1* = 0.95A I2* = -0.95A IRest = 1.9 I/InO

Matched
Principles Transf. Dif 24