Presentation - 6 BIT DESIGN

BIT DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR THE PressTEQ/VSS MWDFSE
1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

All rights reserved.
BIT DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
BIT NOMENCLATURE
BIT GRADING - IADC DULL GRADING CBT
DRILLING DYNAMIC DYSFUNCTIONS AND BIT WEAR
ANT-WHIRL DESIGN

Bit Types - Insert and
Steel Tooth

Cone Profile and Cone Numbering

Bit Geometry - Cone
Offset/Skew

Cutting Mechanics

PDC and Tri-Cone Cutting Action

Diamond Bit Nomenclature
API Connection
Breaker Slot
Weld
Blank Crown Chamfer
Blank Blade Gauge Pad

Matrix Body
PDC Gauge
Cutters Nozzle
PDC Face Shoulder

Cutters
Cone Nose

Diamond Bit Profiles
Short B
Most Stable Profiles are the
Profile Short B or Short Parabolic.
These push the nose of the bit
out to side of hole - which
Short
Parabolic
increases stability
Profile
Long Parabolic Profile - less

stable, as nose close to center
of hole. But much more
Long Parabolic
Profile durable design due to greater
cutter coverage in shoulder
and gauge.
Diamond Bit Profiles
Medium Parabolic As a compromise between

Profile
durability and stability, a
medium parabolic profile is
used on modern Hughes
Christensen Bit Designs
May sometimes hear
parabolic referred to as an
EB profile

Straight / Curved Blades
Curved blades may be slightly stronger and stabilize

the bit more than straight blades.
No detailed testing has been conducted, only
anecdotal evidence to suggest the stability
improvements, mainly in higher angle holes.
Curved blades are more difficult to manufacture.
1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ
EHBU Training
Cone Angle
The cone of a PDC bit can be described by its angle .

Shallower cone angles allow for greater placement of
cutters in the bigger cone area, bringing greater
durability.
Deeper cones are also more stable since there is more
cutting structure inside the cone. Bit adheres to the cone
of rock in the center of the bottom hole profile more
efficiently.
Aggressiveness / Backrake
Bit aggressiveness determined by
blade and cutter count. Less
cutters, the bigger the bite each
cutter then takes. Good depth of
cut stabilizes a bit.
Less blades, more aggressive bit
A D Backrake angle of cutters also
AGGRESSIVE LESS AGGRESSIVE
determines aggressiveness. The
less weight responsive
DIRECTIONAL greater the backrake angle, the less
aggressive the bit.
SOFT HARD
(impact reduction)
Very aggressive bits generate
torque, and may result in stick-slip.
Unaggressive bits can result in a
poor depth of cut, making the bit
unstable and liable to whirl.
Black Diamond Cutter
Technology
Bonding of Diamond table to TC is engineered for particular

stress environments on the cutting face
Application Specific Cutter
Technology

Gauge Design
Long gauge pads reduce the amount of
lateral movement, improving control -
1/16
therefore increasing stability. Long
1/2 pads, also increase drag, which may
lead to stick-slip.
1/2 Broached gauge - active gauge cutting
on old designs. Reduced stability as
side cutting.
Flush Gauge - On modern designs, no
exposure above matrix for diamond or
Tungsten Carbide blocks. Non
aggressive pad, with no active cutting
structure substantially increases bit
stability. EHBU Training
PDC Bit - Wear Knots
A Wear Knot is a ridge behind a cutter - optional extra,

used to reduce the aggressiveness of a bit
Limits the depth of cut of a cutter, reducing reactive
torque
Used in directional applications, but Wear Knots placed
on shoulders of bit are helpful in stabilizing for lateral
vibrations
EHBU Training
IADC BIT GRADING
EXERCISE USING THE IADC BIT GRADING CBT PROGRAM

Eight point IADC Grading

Dull Grading

WORN CUTTERS (WT)
commonly seen on dulled fixed cutter bits
effect of bit dullnes on the penetration rate is formation
strength related.
BROKEN BLADES [BB]
Very large impact damage, e.g wellhead or
formation stringers, chert. Vibration and drillstring
dynamics will enhance these impacts.

BIT # 1
BIT # 2
BIT # 3

BIT #1 BIT #2
BIT #3
Anti-Whirl Bit Design
TWO DESIGNS
AMOCOs Force Imbalance Design
Hughes Christensen - Dynamically Engineered stable design

PDC Anti-Whirl Bits
To be classified as anti whirl, a bit
must pass a laboratory stability
test, drilling on hard Carthage
limestone.
The bit must be stable at 120 RPM
and 12 ft/hr. These parameters
are related to the depth of cut.
Modern Bit Designs are now
initially tested using software - 3D
Bit Dynamics Numerical
Simulator before the first
prototype is even built.
12 1/4 AG 526
PDC Anti-Whirl Bits
Low Friction Gauge Pad
Direction of Net Imbalance Force
Bit Whirl identified as problem. This was first design to combat the
dysfunction
Placement of blades and cutters creates net imbalance force
Forces bit against side of hole onto a low friction gauge pad
Low friction gauge pad large due to greater expected wear
AR / AG series of Bits
However, due to cutter devoid area, tendency for shoulder and gauge wear
on anti whirl bits
PDC Anti-Whirl Bits
Force Vector Groups
Group #2 Force Vector Summation
Group #2
Group #1
Group #1
Group #3 e Force
al an c
m b
Net I
Group #3
Group #4
Group #4
The load when applied to a bit can be resolved into two components, the WOB and the
side force. The side force is not zero as the cutters do not maintain the same
relationship with the formation across the face of the bit.
The WOB and side force can be resolved into a normal force. This is done for each
cutter. These are grouped, vectors plotted, and the total force balance calculated. Anti
whirl bits have 10-12% imbalance EHBU Training
Cutter Layout
FORWARD REVERSE TWO-STEP

SPIRAL SPIRAL
Two step design now used rather than anti whirl.
At break out from primary blades, cutters placed, ahead 3 then back one
onto secondary blades.
Most of rock cut by primary blade cutters
Bit acts like light set bit at fast ROP (big depth of cut) and a heavy set bit at
slower ROP.
Effect is to stabilize bit.
Super Balance TS Layout
(BLACKTRAX bit)

Balanced For Stability

Whirl Example
Cone cuts with large offset Centerline of Cones Centerline through center
relative to center line of of rotation
rotation
Cone does not

contact hole wall
(No gauge wear)
This Cone Cuts the entire gauge

indicated by (Severe stepped wear)
EHBU Training
Off-center Rotation
PDC Bit Indications of Whirl
Rounded gauge pads

Sometimes rough, sharpened edges on back of gauge
pads (backward whirl)
Scarring on bit body, back of blades
Broken cutters
Micro-chippage on cutters
Lost cutters
Absence of a diamond lip
One gauge pad more worn than others (forward whirl)

16 PDC Bit After
Backward Whirl
Chipped & broken

cutters
Missing cutters


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BIT DESIGN

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

BIT GRADING - IADC DULL GRADING CBT

DRILLING DYNAMIC DYSFUNCTIONS AND BIT WEAR

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

Blank Blade Gauge Pad

PDC Face Shoulder

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

Long Parabolic Profile - less

Medium Parabolic As a compromise between

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

Curved blades may be slightly stronger and stabilize

The cone of a PDC bit can be described by its angle .

Bonding of Diamond table to TC is engineered for particular

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

A Wear Knot is a ridge behind a cutter - optional extra,

EXERCISE USING THE IADC BIT GRADING CBT PROGRAM

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

Hughes Christensen - Dynamically Engineered stable design

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

Low Friction Gauge Pad

Direction of Net Imbalance Force

FORWARD REVERSE TWO-STEP

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

Cone does not

This Cone Cuts the entire gauge

Rounded gauge pads

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

Chipped & broken

1998 Baker Hughes INTEQ EHBU Training

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