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STABILIZATION/GROUND
IMPROVEMENT
CIVIL ARCHIVE
1. GENERAL
The soil at a construction site may not always be totally suitable for supporting
structures such as buildings, bridges, highways, and dams.
For example, in granular soil deposits, the in situ soil may be very loose and
indicate a large elastic settlement. In such a case, the soil needs to be densified to
increase its unit weight and thus its shear strength.
Improving in situ soils by using additives is usually referred to as stabilization.
The improvement done by using any kind of materials is generally said to be
ground improvement.
2.PURPOSE OF GROUND
IMPROVEMENT/SOIL STABILIZATION
FIG.1: VIBROFLOTATION
3.2 BLASTING
Blasting is a technique that has been used successfully in many projects (Mitchell, 1970)
for the densification of granular soils.
The process involves the detonation of explosive charges such as 60% dynamite at a
certain depth below the ground surface in saturated soil.
Compaction (up to a relative density of about 80%) up to a depth of about 18 m over a
large area can easily be achieved by using this process.
. The sphere of influence of compaction by a 60% dynamite charge can be given as
follows
(Mitchell, 1970):
Where
r Sphere of influence
Wex Weight of explosive [60% dynamite]
C 0.0122 when Wex is in kg and r is in m
3.3 JET GROUTING
Jet grouting is a soil stabilization process
whereby cement slurry in injected into soil at a
high velocity to form a soilconcrete matrix.
Three basic systems of jet grouting have been
developedsingle, double, and triple rod
systems.
In all cases, hydraulic rotary drilling is used to
reach the design depth at which the soil has to
be stabilized.
The following figure (a) shows the single rod
system in which a cement slurry is injected at
a high velocity to form a soilcement matrix.
In the double rod system in the following
figure (b), the cement slurry is injected at a
high velocity sheathed in a cone of air at an
equally high velocity to erode and mix the soil FIG.2: JET GROUTING
well.
The triple rod system in the following figure
(c), uses high-pressure water shielded in a
cone of air to erode the soil.
3.4 SAND DRAINS
Admixtures are occasionally used to stabilize soils in the field particularly fine-
grained soils.
The most common admixtures are lime, cement, and limefly ash. The main
purposes of stabilizing the soil are to (a) modify the soil, (b) expedite construction,
and (c) improve the strength and durability of the soil.
The types of lime commonly used to stabilize fine-grained soils are hydrated high-
calcium lime Ca (OH) 2, calcitic quicklime (CaO), monohydrated dolomitic lime Ca
(OH) 2 - MgO , and dolomitic quicklime.
Lime Stabilization in the Field
Lime stabilization in the field can be done in three ways.
1. The in situ material or the borrowed material can be mixed with the proper amount
of lime at the site and then compacted after the addition of moisture.
2. The soil can be mixed with the proper amount of lime and water at a plant and then
hauled back to the site for compaction.
3. Lime slurry can be pressure injected into the soil to a depth of 4 to 5 m.
3.8 CEMENT STABILIZATION
Cement is being increasingly used as a stabilizing material for soil, particularly in the
construction of highways and earth dams.
Cement can be used to stabilize sandy and clayey soils.
Cement stabilization is effective for clayey soils when the liquid limit is less than 45 to 50
and the plasticity index is less than about 25.