Energy Consumption

& Power Requirements of A Vehicle

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Know the Requirements Before You develop an

Engine..
 Resistance Force : Ra

The major components of the resisting forces to motion are

comprised of :
Aerodynamic loads (Faero)
Acceleration forces (Faccel = ma & I forces)
Gradeability requirements (Fgrade)
Chassis losses (Froll resist ).

F ma Faero Frr Fg
 Aerodynamic Force : Flow Past A Bluff Body

Composed of:
1. Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (85%)
2. Friction of air over vehicle body (12%)
3. Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and air
vents (3%)
 Aerodynamic Resistance on Vehicle

Dynamic Pressure: 1
Pd V2
2

1
Drag Force: Fd V 2 A f (Re)
2
1
Fd V 2 Cd A
2

1
Fd ,design (1.2) Cd A (V V0 ) 2
2

P = Fd ,designV
Aero Power
A =

projected frontal area (m2)

f(Re)

= Reynolds number

v =

vehicle velocity (m/sec)

P

V0= power (kw) =

2
aero = (12.86 10 ) C d A V (V V0 )
-6
P
head wind velocity
A = area (m2)
V

= velocity (KpH)

V0 = headwind velocity
Purpose, Shape & Drag
Shape & Components of Drag
 Some examples of Cd:
The typical modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and
0.35.
SUVs, with their flatter shapes, typically achieve a C d of 0.350.45.
Notably, certain cars can achieve figures of 0.25-0.30, although sometimes
designers deliberately increase drag in order to reduce lift.
0.7 to 1.1 - typical values for a Formula 1 car (downforce settings change for
each circuit)
0.7 - Caterham Seven
at least 0.6 - a typical truck
0.57 - Hummer H2, 2003
0.51 - Citron 2CV
over 0.5 - Dodge Viper
0.44 - Toyota Truck, 1990-1995
 0.42 - Lamborghini Countach, 1974
0.42 - Triumph Spitfire Mk IV, 1971-1980
0.42 - Plymouth Duster, 1994
0.39 - Dodge Durango, 2004
0.39 - Triumph Spitfire, 1964-1970
0.38 - Volkswagen Beetle
0.38 - Mazda Miata, 1989
0.374 - Ford Capri Mk III, 1978-1986
0.372 - Ferrari F50, 1996
0.36 - Eagle Talon, mid-1990s
0.36 - Citron DS, 1955
0.36 - Ferrari Testarossa, 1986
0.36 - Opel GT, 1969
0.36 - Honda Civic, 2001
0.36 - Citron CX, 1974 (the car was named after the term for drag
coefficient)
0.355 - NSU Ro 80, 1967
 0.34 - Ford Sierra, 1982
0.34 - Ferrari F40, 1987
0.34 - Chevrolet Caprice, 1994-1996
0.34 - Chevrolet Corvette Z06, 2006
0.338 - Chevrolet Camaro, 1995
0.33 - Dodge Charger, 2006
0.33 - Audi A3, 2006
0.33 - Subaru Impreza WRX STi, 2004
0.33 - Mazda RX-7 FC3C, 1987-91
0.33 - Citroen SM, 1970
0.32064 - Volkswagen GTI Mk V, 2006 (0.3216 with ground effects)
0.32 - Toyota Celica,1995-2005
0.31 - Citron AX, 1986
0.31 - Citron GS, 1970
0.31 - Eagle Vision
0.31 - Ford Falcon, 1995-1998
0.31 - Mazda RX-7 FC3S, 1986-91
0.31 - Renault 25, 1984
0.31 - Saab Sonett III, 1970
0.30 - Audi 100, 1983
0.30 - BMW E90, 2006
0.30 - Porsche 996, 1997
0.30 - Saab 92, 1947
 0.195 - General Motors EV1, 1996
0.19 - Alfa Romeo BAT Concept, 1953
0.19 - Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept , 1995
0.19 - Mercedes-Benz "Bionic Car" Concept, 2005 ([2]
mercedes_bionic.htm) (based on the boxfish)
0.16 - Daihatsu UFEIII Concept, 2005
0.16 - General Motors Precept Concept, 2000
0.14 - Fiat Turbina Concept, 1954
0.137 - Ford Probe V prototype, 1985
 Rolling Resistance

Composed primarily of
1. Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
2. Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%)
3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%)
4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance
5. Simplifying approximation:

Frr CrrW
 ROLLING RESISTANCE
Rolling resistance of a body is proportional to the weight of
the body normal to surface of travel.

Frr Mg
9.81
P rr = C rr M V
3600power

P rr = (2.72 10 ) C rr M V
-3

V
Crr 0.01 1
147
Contact Type Crr

Steel wheel on rail 0.0002...0.0010

Car tire on road 0.010...0.035
Car tire energy safe 0.006...0.009
Tube 22mm, 8 bar 0.002
Race tyre 23 mm, 7 bar 0.003
Touring 32 mm, 5 bar 0.005

Tyre with leak protection 37

0.007 / 0.01
mm, 5 bar / 3 bar
Rolling Resistance And Drag Forces Versus Velocity
 Grade Resistance

Composed of
Gravitational force acting on the vehicle

Fg W sin g
For small angles,
g
sin g tan g

Fg W tan g Fg
tan g G
g W
Fg WG
 Inertial or Transient Forces

Transient forces are primarily comprised of acceleration

related forces where a change in velocity is required.
These include:
The rotational inertia requirements (FI ) and
the translational mass (Fma).
If rotational mass is added it adds not only rotational
inertia but also translational inertia.
 Transient Force due to Rotational Mass

d avehicle
wheel k wheel wheel =
2
Ti = I = I = m
dt r tire

T a m k2 2
Fi = i
= m
k 2 =
2
2
a
2
r tire r tire r tire

= angular acceleration k = radius of gyration t = time T = Torque

m = mass = ratio between rotating component and the tire

Therefore if the mass rotates on a vehicle which has translation,

k
2 2

F ir&t = 2
mr + mt a
r tire

k
2 2

F tire = C d
A V
2
+ g
mt C rr + % Slope + a mr 2 + mt

2 r tire

Resistance power, Presistance Presis tan ce F tire V

Presistance Power Demand Curve

Vehicle Speed
 Ideal Engine Powering Torque

F tire r tire
The Powering Engine Torque is: T PE =
G

The speed of the vehicle in km/h is: km / h = RPM PE r tire ( 0.377 )

G
rtire = Tire Rolling Radius (meters)

G = Numerical Ratio between P.E. and Tire

2N
Ideal capacity of Powering Engine: PPE TPE kW
60000
 Drive System Efficiency

Drive train inefficiencies further reduce the power available to

produce the tractive forces.
These losses are typically a function of the system design and
the torque being delivered through the system.

PPE
Mechanical Efficiency mech drive
Pactual

mech drive red1 red 2 ...... red n

 Actual Capacity of A Powering engine

PPE TPE 2N
Pactual kW
mech mech 60000

Correction for Auxiliary power requirements:

2N tyre
PPE Ftyre rtyre kW Paux
60000
MATLAB for Vehicle Torque Requirement
MATLAB Model for Transmission System
MATLAB Model for Engine Performance
Engine Characteristic Surface
Requirements of Vehicle on Road & Engine Power
Urban Driving Cycle
Engine RPM during Urban Driving Cycle
Engine Fuel Consumption During Urban Driving
Cycle
 Inverse of Carnots Question

How much fuel is required to generate required power?

Is it specific to the fuel?
A Thermodynamic model is required to predict the fuel
requirements.
Carnot Model
Otto Model
Diesel Model
A Geometric Model is required to implement the
thermodynamic model.