3G

Complete
Knowledge
 WCDMA Fundamentals
Separate users through different codes
Large bandwidth
Continuous transmission and reception
Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1
No frequency planning
Scrambling code planning
5 MHz carrier separation
code
CDMA
Fast Power Control

e
tim
Soft/Softer Handover
Code-Division
Admission Control Multiple Access

Congestion Control
frequency

3GPP : 3rd Generation Partnership Project http://www.3gpp.org

 UTRAN Architecture
(Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)

OSS
 RN Interfaces
Iu
Iu PS
Connection to the packet switched core network domain
SGSN/GGSN
Iu CS
Connection to the circuit switched core network domain
MSC
Protocol RANAP
Iur
RNC interconnection
[eg: for SHO support ]
Protocol RNSAP
Iub
Connection for the RBS to the RNC Core Network

Protocol NBAP
Uu
Iu
Air Interface to the UE
Protocol RRC, RLC, MAC
RNC
Iur
RNC

Iub
RBS

Uu
RBS RBS UE
Basics of 3G
 Basics of 3G
WCDMA Bandwidth
FDD 5 MHZ of Paired
TDD 5 MHZ Only

SF and Data rate

SF is lower when data rate is higher

SF and Power Relation

When lower the SF then more power required

SF and Coverage relation

SF is high then coverage will be high

CPICH Power -:
It takes about 8 to 10% of the total NodeB Power .For a 20W (43dBm)
NodeB, CPICH is around 2W (33dBm).
In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building
installations, the CPICH may sometimes go as low as 5% because:
The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
More power can be allocated to traffic channels.
 Basics of 3G
RSCP
Stand for Received Signal Code Power, the energy per Chip in CPICH
averaged over 512 chip.

RSSI
The desired total signal of UTRA carrier frequency.
Received energy of all cells in particular location.

RSCP = RSSI/Ec/No
 Basics of 3G
TCP-
During the Power Control, transmit power control command is used to power up
and Power Down based on SIR Target in the step of 0.5 dB.

Active Set
It Consist group of cells that takes part in soft & softer HO and measured by UE.
Typically Active set size is 3 or 4.
HO Window size is 4 to 6 dB

Pilot Pollution
When number of strong cell added in Active set size there is pilot pollution.

Compressed Mode
Compressed mode is physical layer function that allowed to UE to temporally
tune to another frequency , and measured the RF environment of another UMTS
Frequency.

Cell Breathing
The cell coverage shrink as the loading increase in called cell breathing.

TTI
After every TTI resource can be redistributed among the user, resources uses is
more efficient.
 Basics of 3G
TMA-
It reduce the system noise, Improve the UL sensitivity and leads to
longer UE Battery life
TMA Gain 12 dB
Sensitivity is the minimum input power needed to get a suitable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at
the output of the receiver. It is determined by receiver noise figure, thermo noise power and
required SNR. Thermo noise power is determined by bandwidth and temperature, SNR is
determined by modulation technique, therefore the only variable is noise figure.
The cascading noise figure can be calculated by Friis equation (Herald Friis):
NFt = NF1 + (NF2-1)/G1 + (NF3-1)/(G1*G2) + ... + (NFi-1)/(G1*G2*...*Gi)
As the equation shows, the first block imposes the minimum and the most prominent noise
figure on the system, and the following blocks imposes less and less impact to the system
provided the gains are positive. Linear passive devices have noise figure equal to their loss.
A TMA typically has a gain of 12dB.
There are typically top jumper, main feeder and a bottom jumper between antenna and BTS.
A TMA placed near antenna with a short jumper from antenna provides the best noise figure
improvement the noise figure will be restricted to the top jumper loss (NF1) and TMA ((NF2-
1)/G1), and the remaining blocks (main feeder and bottom jumper) have little effect.
To summarize, a TMA has a gain thats close to feeder loss.

Why TMA are installed at the top near the antenna and not
the bottom near the NodeB?
Based on Friis Equation, having a TMA near the BTS will have the top jumper and main feeder
losses (noise figures) cascaded in and a TMA will not be able to help suppress the losses.
 Basics of 3G
Processing gain
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in
decibel (dB) scale. For example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the
processing gain is:
PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB

calculate maximum number of users on a cell--

To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:
W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)
Take 12.2kbps as example:
M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
 Basics of 3G
Cell Selection Criteria
Qmean = the average SIR target cell
Qmin = minimum SIR required
Pcomponsation = a correction value for different UE classes

S = Qmean Qmin Compensation

If S>0 then the cell is valid candidate.
A UE camp on the cell with higher S

DRX Cycle
The UE listen to the PICH only at certain predefined times, reducing the power
consumption. The periodically of these search is set by the system and the time
interval is called Discontinues Reception.
Different DRX cycle are used for CS and PS service in Ideal mode. A separate DRX
cycle is also used to page connected mode UEs in state URA_CPH.

Near Far Effect

All users use the same bandwidth at the same time and therefore users interface
with one another. Due to the propagation path loss, the signal received by the
base station from UE close to the base station will be stronger the signal received
from another terminal located at the boundary. Hence the distant user will be
dominated by the close user. This is called near - far effect.
Solution of this problem is power control, which attempt to achieve the same
mean received power for each user.
 Basics of 3G
Noise Rise
For every new user added to the service addition noise is added to the network.
This is each new user causes a noise rise . In theory the noise rise is defined
as the ratio of total received wideband power to the noise power.
Higher nose rise value implies more users are allowed on the network, and
each user has to transmit the higher power to over come the higher noise level.
This means smaller path loss can be tolerate and the cell radius is reduced.

AT what circumstances can a Node B reach its max

capacity? What are the Capacity Limitations?
NodeB reaches its max transmit power, runs out of its channel element, uplink
noise rise reaches its design target.

Resource Management for Capacity Management

DL Power
Received Total Wideband Power
OVSF Codes
RBS Channel Element

Three Sets in HO
Active Set
Monitor Set
Detected Set
 Basics of 3G
Measure Difference between GSM and UMTS
HO decision
GSM:
Time based mobile measure of Rx Lev and Rx Qual mobile sends
measurement report every SACH period (480ms)
BSC instruct to mobile to HO based on these reports.

UMTS:
Event triggered reporting - UE send a measurement report only on certain
event triggered .
UE plays more part in the HO decision.

Direct Retry
When there is a co existing GSM RAN, Excess traffic in a WCDMA cell may be
offloaded to GSM.
In a call is chosen for Direct Retry to GSM, the request for the speech RAB will
be rejected with cause Direct Retry and then a request is made to the core
n/w to relocate the UE to a specific GSM cell, using the Inter RAT HO
procedure. This HO is blind one since the target cell is chosen not based on UE
measurements. Therefore, the target cell must be co located with the WCDMA
cell.
CO Located GSM cells are assumed to have similar coverage and accessibility
as their respective WCDMA cells.
Default Value -85
 Basics of 3G
EVENTS
e1a - a primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to active set.
e1b - a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed a cell from active set.
e1c - a non active primary CPICH becomes better than an active Primary CPICH, i.e.
replace a cell.
e1d - Change the best cell
e1e - a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold.
e1f - a Primary CPICH becomes worse that an absolute threshold.
e2a - for inter frequency HO measurement. Change the best frequency.
e2d - for inter frequency HO measurement. The estimate quality of the currently used
frequency is below a certain threshold.
E2b the estimate quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold
and the estimate quality of non used frequency is above a certain threshold.
E2c - The estimate quality of a non used frequency is above certain threshold.
E2e- The estimate quality of non used frequency is below a certain threshold.
E2f The estimate quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold.
e3a - for IRAT HO measurement.
e3d - for IRAT HO measurement. There was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.
E3b the GSM cell quality has moved below threshold
E3c the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold

Inter frequency HO evaluation is based its decision on P CPICH quality measure on

the currently used frequency and on one or more non used frequency. If the evaluation
result is positive, one cell on a non used frequency is proposed to Inter Frequency HO
execution.
Inter Frequency Ho is hard HO where the UE is ordered by the n/w to tune to another
frequency . Means that there will be a small interruption in data flow to and from the UE
RABs supported in RAN P2.1

Conversational Speech 12.2 kbps Circuit switched

Conversational CS Data 64 kbps Circuit switched

Streaming 57.7 kbps Circuit switched

Variable rate Packet Switched

Interactive
RACH/FACH, 64/64, 64/128, 64/384

Combination of Conversational
Multi-RAB Speech and Interactive 64/64
 Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
A radio access bearer (RAB) connection via UTRAN is realised by two concatenated
segments, the Iu bearer connection and the radio bearer connection
 UMTS Radio Access Protocol structure
User Plane and Control Plane
Signaling Radio Radio Bearer for User
Bearer (SRB) Data (RB)
Control plane User plane

RRC Layer 3
Control
Measurements

Signaling Radio
channels bearers

RLC RLC
RLC RLC Layer 2 RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
Control

Logical channels

MAC Layer 2 MAC

Transport channels

Physical Layer Layer 1

 RAB and RAB realizations
RAB (Radio Access Bearer)
Owned by the core network (CN)
CN determines, traffic class, QoS etc
RB (Radio Bearer)
Owned by the Radio Network
One RAB can be mapped to several Radio Bearers
E.g., different bit classes for AMR
RB is how Radio Network realizes a RAB
SRB (Signaling Radio Bearers)
Needed for signaling of, e.g., connection setups, measurements,
RN procedures etc.
Logical Channels
An RB is mapped to a Logical Channel
All user data mapped to DTCH
 Radio Access Bearers (RABs)
CS --
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps
Data (Video) 64 kbps
PS I/B (UL/DL)
64/64 kbps
64/128 kbps
64/384 kbps
128/128 kbps (P5)
HSDPA
64/HSDPA interactive
384/HSDPA interactive
Multi-RAB
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 64/HSDPA (P5)
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 384/HSDPA (P5)
 Radio Bearers
Interactive/background RAB forms the bases for normal PS
best effort data
M SC
/C S
UMTS e
on
Backb
RBS RNC

UTRAN SGSN GGSN

UMTS/GP
RS
Backbon
e
RAB

Radio b
earer

No guaranteed performances for an interactive/background RAB

Dedicated 64/64, 128/64, 384/64 kbps RAB
Streaming 128/128 kbps RAB
Mapping of UMTS Services to RABs
 Basics of 3G
Processing gain
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in
decibel (dB) scale. For example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the
processing gain is:
PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB

calculate maximum number of users on a cell--

To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:
W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)
Take 12.2kbps as example:
M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
 Eb/No
Eb/No
By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the ratio of the energy
per information bit to the power spectral density (of interference and noise) after
dispreading.
Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR
For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be
-20dB or better. The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:
On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB PS is about 2dB lower.
On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB PS is about 1dB
lower.

Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for CS

PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower
Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF link.
 Eb/No

Io = own cell interference + surrounding cell interference + noise density

No = surrounding cell interference + noise density
 Ec/Io

Ec/Io is the ratio of the energy per chip in CPICH to the total received power
density (including CPICH itself).
 Ec/No

CPICH Ec/No

The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the quality of the received

signal. It gives the received energy per received chip divided by
the bands power density. The quality is the primary CPICHs
signal strength in relation to the cell noise. (Please note, that
transport channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. )
If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make
measurements in the GSM bands, too. The measurements are
based on the
 SF
Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading Factor SF .The operation is done
through multiplication with OVSF code.
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.
Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels/users
Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

Data bit Chips after

spreading

OVSF Scrambling
code code
 Spreading principle
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)

Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same
scrambling code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate
 Spreading principle
User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them with
a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over the
air interface

Information signal

Spreading signal

Transmission signal
Spread Spectrum gain
 Chanilization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
It is used to spread the signal and channel separation from the cell.
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish
between data (and control) channels coming from the same RBS
In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between
data (and control) channels from the same UE
DL 4 to 512
UL 4 to 256

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
 Scrambling Code
Scrambling code GOLD sequence.
Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be
of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short
uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned
by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143
scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k
= 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
SC used to separate the cells in N/W
In UL it is used to differentiate the terminals.
After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied
by a special code to distinguish between different transmitters.
Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be
synchronized
The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code
length longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)
Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long
 Scrambling Codes
In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell
(assigned by operator SC planning)
In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE
(assigned by network)

Cell 1 transmits using SC1

SC1 SC1

SC3 SC4

Cell 2 transmits using SC2

SC2 SC2

SC5 SC6
 Scrambling Code planning
SC are organized in Code Groups.
The first SC in each Code Group differs from the first SC in the subsequent
Code Group by a multiple of 8

64 Code Groups

0 8 16 ... ... 504

1 9 17 ... ... 505
2 10 18 ... ... 506
3 11 19 ... ... 507
4 12 20 ... 500 508
5 13 21 ... 501 509
6 14 22 ... 502 510
7 15 23 ... 503 511
Power Control
 Power Control
Open Loop
Fast closed Loop
Outer Loop

Open Loop
Controlled by UE
Determined in UL that how much power UE is uses
n/w inform to UE of current n/w status CPPICH Power, UL interference
UE use these parameter to calculate initial power of PRACH
Concept : Power is a common resource in WCDMA
Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all communication
links

When UE is switch on, UE start to send the power to NodeB, first it will send
minimum power then increase the power level till it gets Aquired in that perticuler
network(Information get through AICH).

36
 Power Control
Fast Closed Loop (Inner Loop)
Located in NodeB and UE
Controlled the power of dedicated physical channel
PC changes can occur every slots 1500 times/sec
NodeB and UE continuously compare SIR with SIR target and inform each other to
either increase of decrease its power

Outer Loop
Located in RNC
Adjust the SIR for every user based on BLER
Keep the quality of communication at required level (BLER, SIR, BER) by setting SIR
target for fast power control
compensates for fading channels
needs dedicated control channel for power control commands

37
Handover
 Hanover
Soft/Softer Hand Over
Inter Frequency hand Over
Inter RAT Handover
Core Network Hard Handover
Service Based Handover to GSM
HSDPA Mobility

Soft/Softer Hand Over

UE connected to two or more RBSs at the same time

40
 Explain Soft and Softer handover?
In Soft Handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio
links established with cells belonging to different RBSs.
In Softer handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links
established with cells belonging to the same RBS.
It acts as macro diversity since UE is connected to more than one radio link
at any given point, adds redundancy and reduces interference. However
there is a tradeoff between soft/softer handover & system capacity.
A UE involved in Soft/Softer Handover uses several radio links, more
DL channelization codes, and more DL power than a single-link connection.
Consequently, if all the UEs connected to a particular RNC are considered,
more resources are needed in the RBSs, more resources over the Iub and
Iur interfaces, and more resources in the RNC. For this reason, the number
of radio links involved in the Soft/Softer handover must be limited
 Inter Frequency Handover ?
UE handover between different
frequencies or between WCDMA
 Inter RAT Handover
Inter frequency handover between
WCDMA and GSM
GSM to WCDMA or Hard HO
 HSPA
HSDPA represents an evolution of the WCDMA radio interface, which uses very
similar methods to those employed by EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution) technology for the GSM radio interface. The fundamental
characteristics which enable the increase in the data throughput and capacity
with reduced latency are summarized below:
Time and code multiplexing of the users
Multi-Code transmission
Fixed Spreading Factor (SF = 16)
Shorter TTI = 2ms
No DTX (Discontinuous transmission) for the data channel
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) supporting higher order modulation
Node B scheduling and link adaptation
Node B retransmissions (H-ARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request)
No power control
No soft handover
The subscribers request higher speed and better quality data access
Competition challenge from CDMA EV/DO, WiMAX
Up to now, the throughput request for downlink is much more higher than
that of uplink
The channel configuration of R99 lead a very low efficiency on the downlink
capacity
 HSPA Calculation
Chip rate in KBPS = 3840
Spreading Factor = 16
Speed =3840/16 = 240

Modulation = 4 (N)
Coding Scheme = 15(M)
Total Speed for 16 QAM = Speed * Modulation Type (N)*Coding Scheme (M)
= 240 * 4* 15 = 14.4 MBPS

Important Facts
2^n formula use for modulation scheme
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
2^1, N=1 2^4, N= 4 2^6, N= 6

Code Used
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
5 10 15 dynamic code will use for
more then 64QAM

Total Speed for 64 QAM = 240*6*15 =21.6

 HSDPA Characteristics
HSDPA is the solution of WCDMA offering higher speed downlink
data services.
Peak data rate in DL: 14.4Mbps (physical layer)
Shorter delay
Higher efficiency using downlink code and power and
bigger downlink capacity
Flexible cell resource allocation
More high speed user access
HSDPA

UMTS R9
9

GSM
 Fast Scheduling Basic
Physical Layer Basic
If a little part of received 10ms frame (15 slots - R99) cant be
decoded correctly, whole frame will be retransmit 10ms later.

An HSDPA frame is only 2ms(3 slots). If a 2ms frame cant be

decoded correctly, just this 2ms frame need be retransmitted. Other
2ms(up to 6) HARQ process may continue transmitting data, thus
radio resource could be used more effectively.
 Fast Scheduling
By fast scheduling, HSDPA cell can allocate the available HSDPA power resource and
code resource among users effectively, to improves the throughout.

Scheduling Principle: based on channel

condition in short period; based on balance
between throughout and proportional fair for
all users in long period.

Scheduler may works

based on CDM and/or TDM
Channel condition Some basic scheduler
Amount of data waiting in the queue Round Robin (RR)
(delay)
Maximum C/I (MAXC/I)
Fairness
Proportional Fair (PF)
Cell throughout, etc
 Share and Scheduling of Shared Channel

The following fig describes scheduling processing for 4 users.

All codes
reserved for
HSDPA
transmission
2ms
 Max C/I Scheduling Algorithm

Features:
1) Allocates channel to the user with max C/I in one TTI.

2) Provides the highest cell throughout, because channel is allocated to the user in the
best radio condition .

3) It is not fair for the users located in areas of poor coverage. By max C/I
algorithm, the system hardly allocate channel for users under pool signal condition.
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
AMC could improve radio bandwidth and fit for high speed radio transmission.

AMC is based on channel quality

Adjust data rate
Good channel condition higher rate
Poor channel condition lower rate
Adjust code rate
Good channel condition higher rate (e.g. 3/4
code)
Poor channel condition lower rate (e.g. 2/4
code)
Adjust modulation scheme
Good channel condition 16QAM
Poor channel condition QPSK
Channel Quality Feedback (CQI)
UE measures channel quality (SNR) and reports to
Node B every 2ms or longer time.
Node-B chooses modulation scheme, Transport Block Throughput ~ SIR Relationship
size and data rate based on CQI.
 Modulation Scheme

HSDPA Modulation
QPSK
16QAM
 AMC Processing Flow
UE measure CPICH strength
UE reports the signal quality by CQI
(channel quality indicator)
Node B may filter and rectify CQI report to
obtain actual CQI
Determine the channel number, transmit
power and modulation scheme, etc, based
on CQI, transmit data volume, available
power and code.
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
HARQ helps minimize retransmission time and increase cell throughout.

Tranditional ARQ Hybrid ARQ

decode received transport block decode received transport block
detect if there is CRC error in decoded Detect if there is CRC error in decoded transport bolck
transport bolck
If there is CRC error
If there is CRC error
Store error block(no discard)
discard error block
Request retransmission
Request retransmission
Combine the currently received retranmission with
the previous failed decodes.

Combined HARQ
Block1 Block1 Block2

Soft Combine

Block1 Block1

Block1?

Increment redundancy
 HARQ Concept
HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of
check bits if the previous transmission failed (NACK)
while receiver buffers the failed decodes for soft
combining with future retransmissions.
The RV parameter indicates different code bit transmit
in IR buffer. Different RV parameter configuration
supports:
CC (Chase Combining): retransmit the same coded data
PIR (Partial Incremental Redundancy): transmit systematic bits
first
FIR (Full Incremental Redundancy): transmit parity bits first
HARQ Gain
One retransmission gain for different retransmission scheme

Code Rate 1/3 1/2 2/3 3/4

CC Gain (dB) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

PIR Gain 3.1 3.3 3.6 6.5

(dB)
FIR Gain 3.1 3.5 4.3 8.4
(dB)
FIR scheme will transmit the check bits first, it has effective average
coded bits after retransmission. Especially for high code rate, the
HARQ gain is very evidence.
Channel Concept
Down Link
 WCDMA Downlink (FDD) Rel.99
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
CPICH
Null Data S/P
Common Pilot Channel
Cch 256,0 Gain
Sync Codes(*)
BCCH BCH Data P-CCPCH(*) PSC
S/P
Broadcast Control Ch. Broadcast Ch. Encoding Primary Common Control Physical Ch.
Cch 256,1

Gain

PCCH PCH Data GP

Paging Control Ch. Paging Ch. Encoding
SSCi SCH (Sync Channel)
S-CCPCH
Secondary Common Control S/P
CCCH
Physical Ch. GS
Common Control Ch. Cch Gain
FACH Data
CTCH Forward Access Ch. Encoding
Common Traffic Ch. DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)
CCTrCH One per UE
DCCH DCH Data
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding Cell-specific
Scrambling Downlink
DTCH DCH Data Code RF Out
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M
DPDCH (one or more per UE)
U M
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
X U
X
S/P
I+jQ I
Filter I/Q
DTCH DCH Data
Cch Gain
Filter
Modulator
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Q
DPCCH (one per UE)
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

DSCH Data PDSCH

S/P * Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH
Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Cch Gain
Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;
AICH P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot
Access Indication data S/P
(Acquisition Indicator Channel)
Cch Gain
PICH
Paging Indication bits S/P
(Paging Indicator Channel )
Cch Gain
AP-AICH
Access Preamble Indication bits S/P
(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )
Cch Gain
CSICH
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )
Cch Gain
CD/CA-ICH
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(Collision Detection/Channel
Cch Gain
Assignment )
 Downlink Logical Channels (L3)
Control Logical Channels
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)
Broadcasts cell site and system information to all UE
PCCH (Paging Control Channel)
Transmits paging information to a UE when the UEs location is
unknown
CCCH (Common Control Channel)
Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC
Connection
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
Transmits control information to a UE when there is a RRC
Connection

Traffic Logical Channels

CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs.
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
60
Traffic channel dedicated to one UE
 Downlink Transport Channels (L2)
Common Transport Channels
BCH (Broadcast Channel)
Continuous transmission of system and cell information

PCH (Paging Channel)

Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
Pending activity indicated by the PICH (paging indication channel)

FACH (Forward Access Channel)

Used for transmission of idle-mode control information to a UE
Also used for some user data

Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH (Dedicated Channel)

Carries dedicated traffic and control data to one UE
Used for BLER measurements

61
 Downlink Physical Channels (L1)
Common Physical Channels

P-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Primary)

Broadcasts cell site information
Timing reference for all DL

SCH Synchronization Channel

Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary)
Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UEs
CPICH Common Pilot Channel

Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel

DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to UEs 62
 Downlink Physical Channels
Indicator Physical Channels
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access
attempt
(Echoes the UEs Random Access signature)

PICH (Page Indicator Channel)

Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame

DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot

PILOT: Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot)

TFCI: Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits)

FBI: Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits)

TPC: Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB

63
Channel Concept
UP Link
 WCDMA Uplink (FDD) Rel 99
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
Chd Gd

CCCH RACH Data PRACH

Common Control Ch. Random Access Ch. Coding Physical Random Access Ch.

RACH Control Part

Chc Gc j
Chd Gd

DTCH (packet mode) CPCH Data PCPCH UE

Dedicated Traffic Ch. Common Packet Ch. Coding Physical Common Packet Ch. Scrambling Uplink
Code
RF Out
PCPCH Control Part

I
I+jQ Filter
Chc Gc j I/Q
Filter
Mod.

Chd,1 Gd Q
CCTrCH DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,3 Gd
DCCH DCH Data
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding
Dedicated Physical Data Ch. I
Chd,5 Gd
DTCH DCH Data
DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
U Chd,2 Gd
X DPDCH #2 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,4 Gd

DTCH DCH Data DPDCH #4 (optional)

Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,6 Gd
DPDCH #6 (optional) Q
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chc Gd j
DPCCH
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
 Uplink Logical Channels (L3)

Control Logical Channels

CCCH (Common Control Channel)

Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC Connection
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
Transmits control information from a UE when there is a RRC Connection

Traffic Logical Channels

CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)

Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel dedicated from one UE

66
 Uplink Transport Channels (L2)
Common Transport Channels

RACH - Random Access Channel

Carries access requests, control information, short data
Uses only open-loop power control
Subject to random access collisions

Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH - Dedicated Channel

Carries dedicated traffic and control data from one UE
Used for BLER measurements

67
 Uplink Physical Channels (L1)
Common Physical Channels

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

Used by UE to initiate access to BS

Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Data Channel

DPCCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Control Channel
Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS

68
 WCDMA Physical Channels

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell

P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Synchronization Channel
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel

Paging Channels

S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

PICH - Page Indicator Channel

Random Access and Packet Access Channels

Base PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
Station User
AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
Equipment
AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indicator Channel
(BS) CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indicator Channel
(UE)
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel

Dedicated Connection Channels

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel

69
Channel Concept
HSDPA
 HSDPA Relevant Physical Channel
Three new HSDPA Physical Channel

For each HS-PDSCH, SF=16

For each HS-SCCH, SF=128

Each cell is assigned up to 4 HS-
SCCH (limited by UE capability)

For each HS-DPCCH,

SF=256
Each H has one HS-DPCCH.
HSDPA Channel Mapping
Associated Channel - DPCH
There is another dedicated physical
channel named DPCH for each HSDPA
user. DPCH is also called associated
channel in HSDPA. It is used for
signaling transport and power control.
Normally DPCH doesnt carry service
data, only sometimes carry real time
services such as AMR (the user setup
multiple RAB: CS+PS).

Node B

HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPCH HS-DPCCH

UE

Associated? Or Concomitant?
HSDPA Physical Channel (HS-SCCH)
HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
are downlink shared
are downlink shared
channel shared by all
channel shared by all
users. How can users
users. How can users
know when and on which
know when and on which
channel my data is
channel my data is
transported?
transported?

HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding

HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding
flags at the first row of queue. UE
flags at the first row of queue. UE
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
subframes addressed to it on the
subframes addressed to it on the
sets of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
sets of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
the UE, the UE physical layer will
the UE, the UE physical layer will
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
do nothing.
do nothing.
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-SCCH)
HS-SCCH Slot Format Features
3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
SF=128, QPSK modulation
Maps users seven data attributes, including Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs,
Xhap and Xnd;
UE demodulates HS-SCCH and find out the received data addressed to
the UE. Then UE demodulates the HS-PDSCH.
In theory, one cell can configure up to 15 HS-SCCH. But now commercial
UE can only monitor up to 4 HS-SCCH channels simultaneously. So one
cell only configure up to 4 HS-SCCH channels.

Data
N data 1 bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits

Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2

HS-SCCH subframe: T = 2 ms
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-PDSCH)
HS-PDSCH Slot Format Attributes:
3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
Fixed spreading factor SF16
QPSK or 16QAM modulation
Only carry user data
UE may be assigned multi channelization codes to support multi-code
transport depending on UE capability.

Data
Ndata 1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 k bits (k=4)

Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2

1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink HS-DPCCH
TTI 2ms (3 slots), SF 256, Fixed rate of 15Kbps,carry 2 types of HSDPA uplink physical layer
signaling: ACK/NACK and CQI.
ACK and NACK notifies the NodeB if UE has received correct downlink data or not. The field
defines like this:1-Nack, 0-Ack
CQI is a metric that reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH, and reported
by period ranging from 0, 2ms. to 160ms (0 means no transmission). Usually the period is
2ms (one TTI).
ACK/NAK and CQI having different function may be controlled independently by different
parameters .
ACK/NACK/CQI could be configured to repeat up to 4 times to improve TSTD gain.

Tslot = 2560 chips 2Tslot = 5120 chips

HARQ-ACK CQI

One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)

Subframe #0 Subframe # Subframe #4

 Physical Channel Timing
Start of HS-SCCH is aligned with the start of P-CCPCH, HS-PDSCH
subframe is transmitted two slots after the associated HS-SCCH
subframe. UE demodulates HS-PDSCH subframe according to HS-
SCCH.
HS-SCCH and PDSCH are common channels, so there are not timing
between HS-SCCH/PDSCH and DPCH.

10 ms
P-CCPCH Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0 Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2)=1

3 slots = 2 ms

HS-SCCH Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

3 slots = 2 ms

HS-PDSCH Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

2 slots 15 slots = 10 ms

DPCH Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot
DPCH
~7.5 slots
HS-DPCCH
3 slots = 2 ms
UE Capacity Category( for reference)
HSDPA Physical Channel Transmit Power
PHSDPA(HSDPA total transmit power) PHS-PDSCH + PHS-SCCH
The HS-PDSCH transmit power is adjusted by Node B
according to the following factors:
CQI
Amount of data to be transmitted
Available power for HS-PDSCH
Available code resource for HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH transmit power may use:

Fixed power transmission (outdoor 5%, indoor 3% of the total power)
A fixed power offset between HS-SCCH and DL associated channel (PDCH). HS-
PDSCH transmit power is usually bigger than the PDCH channel to keep a
proper transmit power.

HS-DPCCH transmit power has a power offset based on UL

DPCH.
Slot carrying HARQ-ACK/NACK or CQI may be set different power offset.
HSDPA Channel Mapping
When RAB is mapped onto HS-DSCH,
DPCH is needed to transport UL RLC
AM information and possible UL data, no
matter there is UL data to transport.

The following figure describes that DL

TRB is carried on HS-DSCH SRB and
SRB or UL service is carried on DCH. In
soft handover, there may be one or more
DCH, but only one HS-DSCH.
 Channel Switching
Capability
Optimizes the utilization of radio resources, by switching UEs to the
most suitable transport channel based on traffic volume (throughput),
radio resources availability, radio conditions and mobility

Impacting features
Admission Control
Congestion Control
Soft Handover
 Channel type switching
User 1 User 2
Random-Access Random-Access
Request Request

Random-Access Channel
Switch to Switch to
dedicated TTime-out common
Packet Packet Packet

Dedicated Channel
Release dedicated
channel
 Channel rate switching

Up-switch Down-switch
e.g. 64 128 384 Kbps Bit rate e.g. 384 128 64 Kbps

Distance
Distance from RBS
from RBS or
or Load in
Load in the cell
the cell
 Overview of trigger mechanisms

Channel Switching Down/up switch based on

Algorithms coverage and user activity

Congestion Control Channel Admission Control

Switching
Down-switch from dedicated Down-switch from one
to common channel to resolve dedicated channel to another,
congestion e.g. from 64/384 to 64/128 to
free up radio resources
Soft Handover
Down-switch from 64/384 or 64/128 to
64/64 if Admission Control denies adding
a radio link to the Active Set
 Single RAB State Transitions
Connected Mode
1. Common to Dedicated
Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH)
Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL

2 2 2. Dedicated to dedicated
Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL Single RAB
2 2 3
Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL
3. Dedicated to common
1
Common Channel (Cell_FACH)
RACH/FACH
(max. 32 kbps) 4. Common to Idle Mode
4
Idle Mode
3G KPI
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