Week 11 Energy Methods

Dr Nur Tahirah Razali

rntahirah@unimas.my
Ext: 3317
Learning Objectives

Formulate the strain energy stored in a member, when

it is subjected to an axial load, bending moment,
transverse shear or torsional moment.

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WORK OF A FORCE AND ENERGY
Work of a force:
A force does work when it undergoes a
displacement, dx, that is in the same direction
as the force. If the total displacement is x, the
work becomes x
U e F dx
0

For a linear-elastic material, if the force F

increases gradually from zero to a value P=F,
then work done is represented by the light-color-
shaded triangle, i.e.

1
U e P
2

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WORK OF A FORCE AND ENERGY (cont)
If an additional force P is subsequently added
and it causes a further displacement , then the
work done by P (not by P ) is represented by the
dark color-shaped rectangle, i.e.

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 WORK OF A FORCE AND ENERGY (cont)
Strain Energy:
o External work done by the loads which will be
converted into internal work (no energy is lost in the
form of heat) / Energy stored in a body due to
deformation
o Always positive
dFz z dA z dxdy
d z z d z
Then, dU i 21 dFz d z 21 z z dxdydz
i.e. dU i 21 z z dV

U i dV
V
2

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STRAIN ENERGY DERIVED FROM AXIAL
LOAD
Consider a bar of variable yet slightly tapered cross
section, which is subjected to an axial load coincident with
the bars centroidal axis, 2
2
N
Ui dV 2
dV
V
2E V
2 EA
L N2
Ui dx
0 2 AE
For a prismatic bar of constant cross-sectional
area A, length L, and constant axial load N,

2 Elastic strain energy will increase if:

N L -length of the bar is increased
Ui -modulus of elasticity is decreased
2 AE -cross-sectional area is decreased

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EXAMPLE 1
One of the two high-strength steel bolts A and B shown
in Fig. 148 is to be chosen to support a sudden tensile
loading. For the choice it is necessary to determine the
greatest amount of elastic strain energy that each bolt
can absorb. Bolt A has a diameter of 20 mm for 50 mm
of its length and a root (or smallest) diameter of 18 mm
within the 6 mm threaded region. Bolt B has upset
threads, such that the diameter throughout its 56-mm
length can be taken as 18 mm. In both cases, neglect
the extra material that makes up the threads. Take Est =
210 MPa and Y = 310 MPa.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Bolt A
If the bolt is subjected to its maximum tension, the maximum

stress of Y is 310 MPa will occur within the 6 mm region.

This tension force is

18
2

Pmax Y A 310 78886 N 78.89 kN

2

Applying Eq. 1416 to each region of the bolt, we have

Ui
N 2L

78886 2 50 78886 6
2

2 20 / 2 21010 2 18 / 2 21010
2.708 J (Ans)
2 AE 2 3 2 3

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Bolt B
Here the bolt is assumed to have a uniform diameter of 18 mm

throughout its 56-mm length.

Also, from the calculation above, it can support a maximum

tension force of Pmax = 78 886 N.

N 2L
Thus, U i 3.26 J (Ans)
2 AE
By comparison, bolt B can absorb 36% more elastic energy than
bolt A, because it has a smaller cross section along its shank.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

STRAIN ENERGY DERIVED FROM BENDING MOMENT

Consider an axi-symmetric beam. The normal

stress in the beam is
My

I
Then, 2
2
1 My
Ui dv dAdx
V
2E V
2E I
Or
M2
L
Ui 2
A y 2
dA dx

0
2 EI

L
M 2 dx
Ui
0
2 EI

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2
Determine the elastic strain energy due to bending of
the cantilevered beam in Fig. 1410a. EI is constant.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
From the left segment of the beam, we have

x x2
M NA 0; M wx 0 M w
2 2

For elastic strain energy, we determine the beam by

L
Ui
M 2 dx

L

w x 2 2 dx w2 L5

2

(Ans)
0
2 EI 0
2 EI 40 EI

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

STRAIN ENERGY DERIVED FROM TORSIONAL MOMENT

Consider a circular shaft or tube due to an

applied torsional moment. The shear stress is
T

J
Then
2
2 1 T
U i dV dAdx
V
2G V
2G It
T2
L
Ui 2

2
dA dx
0
2GJ A
L
T2
Ui dx
0
2GJ
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STRAIN ENERGY DERIVED FROM TORSIONAL MOMENT
(cont)

For the most common case of a prismatic shaft

(or tube) of constant cross sectional and
constant applied torque,

T 2L
Ui
2GJ

T = internal torque
J = polar moment of inertia
G = modulus of rigidity

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4
The tubular shaft in Fig. 1417a is fixed at the wall and
subjected to two torques as shown. Determine the
strain energy stored in the shaft due to this loading. G =
75 GPa.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Using the method of sections, internal torque is determined
within the two regions of the shaft where it is constant.

The polar moment of inertia for the shaft is

J 0.08 0.065 36.310 6 m 4
2
4 4

Thus the strain energy is

T 2L
Ui
2GJ

40 2 0.750
15 2 0.300
9
2 75 10 36.3 10 6

2 75 10 9 36.3 10 6
233 J (Ans)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Physically, the external loads tends to deform
the body so that the loads do external work Ue
as they are displaced.
The external work caused by the loads is
transformed into internal work or strain energy
Ui, which is stored within the body.
When the loads are removed, the strain energy
restores the body back to is original un-
derformed position, provided that the materials
elastic limit is not exceeded.
The conservation of energy is stated as Ue = Ui

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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (cont)
A truss
1 N 2L
P
2 2 AE

A beam (subjected to a load P)

L
1 M2
P dx
2 0
2 EI

A beam (subjected to a moment Mo)

L
1 M2
M 0 dx
2 0
2 EI

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 5
The three-bar truss in Fig. 1421a is subjected to a
horizontal force of 20 kN. If the cross-sectional area of
each member is 100 mm2, determine the horizontal
displacement at point B. E = 200 GPa.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Using the method of joints,
1 N 2L
P
2 2 AE
1

20 10 B h
3 11 .547 10 3 1 23.094 10 2 20 10 1.732
2 3 2 3 2

2 2 AE 2 AE 2 AE
B h 94.64 kN.m
AE

Substituting in the numerical data for A and E and

solving, we get
94.64 kN.m(1000 mm/m )
B h

100 mm 2 [200 kN/mm 2 ]

B h 4.732 mm (Ans)
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