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METROLOGY
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO METROLOGY
Meaning
Necessity and objective of Metrology
Standards of Measurement
Methods of Measurement
Sources of Errors
Standardizing Organizations
MEANING / DEFINITION
The word metrology is derived from the two
Greek words
Metrosmeans Measurement
Logy means Science
From the above,
Metrology is defined as the science of
measurement.
According to the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures (IBWM),
The science of measurement embracing both
experiment and theoretical determination at any
level of uncertainty in any field of science and
technology.
MEANING / DEFINITION
Thus, measurement is the process or the result of
determining the magnitude of a quantity, such as
length or mass, relative to a unit of
measurement, such as a meter or a kilogram.
CLASSIFICATION OF METROLOGY
NEED OF METROLOGY
To ensure that the part, material or component
conforms to the established standard.
To meet the interchangeability of manufacture.
End Measurement
Length is expressed as the distance between the two flat faces
parallel to each other.
Example Vernier Calliper,slip gauges, end bars etc
STANDARD OF MEASUREMENT
Difference between Line and End Standard
Line Standard End Standard
Length is expressed as the distance between Length is expressed as the distance between
scribed lines two flat parallel faces.
Measurement is quick and easy. Use of the standard requires skill and time
consuming
Scale marking are not subjected to wear These are subjected to wear on their measuring
surfaces.
Limited to 0.2 mm for high accuracy. High accuracy for measurement close to
0.001 mm.
Simple to manufacture at low cost. Manufacturing process is complex and the cost
is high.
They are subjected to parallax error. They are not subjected to parallax error.
Example Yard, meter scale Example Vernier calliper, micrometer
PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT
The sequence of operations necessary for the
execution of measurement is called process of
measurement.
Transposition Method
The value of quantity to be measured is first balanced by
initial known value of the same quantity, then the value of
the quantity measured is put in place of known value and is
again balanced by another known value.
Example Mass measurement by balance and weights
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
Coincidence Method
A very small difference between the value of the quantity to
be measured and the reference is determined by the
observation of the coincidence of certain lines or signals.
Example Measurement by vernier calliper and micrometer
Deflection Method
The value of quantity to be measured is directly indicated
by the pointer on a calibrated scale.
Example Air pressure measurement in tyres
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
Complementary Method
The value of the quantity to be measured is combined
with the known value of the same quantity.
Example Measurement of solid volume by liquid
displacement
Contactless Method
There is no contact between the sensor or measuring
tip of the instrument.
Example Temperature measurement, length
measurement by using laser operated devices
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
A measuring system is based on few fundamental
units i.e. length, mass, time, temperature.
Following are systems of measurement:
F.P.S. System
Metric System
S.I. System
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
F.P.S. System
F.P.S. system stands for Foot Pound Second System.
In this, unit of length is foot, unit of mass, weight or force is
pound and the unit of temperature is Degree Fahrenheit.
Metric System
Metric system is a decimal system of weight and measure.
In this, unit of length is meter, unit of mass is kilogram,
unit of weight or force is kilogram force (kgf) and the unit of
temperature is Degree Centigrade (OC).
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
S.I. System
S.I. system stands for System International System.
It covers seven basic units and provides only one base unit
for each physical quantity.
The seven basic units are as follows:
Accuracy
Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the
actual (true) value.
Accuracy describes the closeness to the target center.
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Sensitivity: It is defined as the rate of
displacement of the indicating device of an
instument,with respect to the measured quantity
personal bias
Example,
Alignment Error
This error is due to non coincidence of the line of
measurement of the measuring component and the
scale or axis of the measuring instrument.
In this, the measured dimension is always in excess
of the actual dimension.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
Environmental Error
This error happens due to the environmental effects
on the measuring device.
Temperature, light, heat is some of the effects. To
avoid this the instrument must be kept in remote
place and by maintaining the atmospheric conditions
as a whole.
To avoid these errors, all metrology laboratories and
standard rooms are maintained at 20OC.
Dirt Error
This error is due to the presence of dirt partials in
the instrument or in the environment..
SOURCES OF ERRORS
Parallax Error
This error occurs due to the faulty reading of the
instrument by the human eye.
Parallax error is the major error in measurement.
Using a proper reflecting device would avoid such an
error.
SELECTION AND CARE OF
INSTRUMENTS
The important characteristics to be considered in
the selection of the measuring instruments are as
follows:
Measuring range
Accuracy