Critical state soil mechanics

Cam Clay Model

Undrained Triaxial Test
By
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd.Jamaludin bin Md.Noor
Faculty of Civil Engineering
UiTM Malaysia

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 The changes in po and p is always opposite in
undrained shear condition.
p' M 2
po' M 2 p ' M 2 p' 2
'
po
M 2 2 Note that M is a constant

Equation of ellipse
Differentiate po' M 2 p ' M 2 p ' 2 p '2
po' M 2 p' M 2 2 p'2 q

po' M 2 p' M 2 2 p'2 p'

Divide by p ' M 2 2
p' M 2 2 p' M 2 2 p' M 2 2
Therefore, increase in po' p' 2 Note that :Change in etta,

po is linked with the po' p' M 2 2 indicates the change in q i.e.
changes in p and q q since q=p

po Equation that represents the

'
p '

ep
p
relationship between p and
v p0'
p
p' po during undrained
In undrained shearing condition.
condition there is no p ep pp 0 p ' po'
volume change '
p' po
2
 Undrained effective stress path
Increase in po is linked with the changes in p and
q which indicate that the yield locus is expanding Defined the
undrained effective
po' p' 2
p '
stress path
p' M 2 2
2
po'
p' M
2 2

po' p M

' Integrated to give, ' 2 2

p'
i
2
Eqn.
po where p' M i
2
5.19
No volume change in
undrained condition
Effective stress path for constant volume deformation represented by Eqn. 5.19
Over consolidated
p increase =M
q
associated with the
elastic vol. Normally
compression
p
' consolidated
ep
p'
p decrease
po decrease associated associated with the
with the yield locus elastic vol. expansion
p
'
shrinking = plastic vol.
e
expansion p
p'
po
'
pp po increase associated with the p
v p0 '
yield locus expansion = plastic pp
po
'
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vol. compression v p0'
1. Explain why the undrained stress path AB within the yield locus is
vertically upwards ???
2. Explain why when the specimen yields along BC the elastic volumetric
strain is negative ????
3. Explain why the change in p and po must always be opposite.
For path AB the plastic vol. strain is
0
p
e
p
p
p
zero since it is within the elastic zone.

Elastic +
plastic Then the elastic vol. strain must
volumetric be zero for no vol. change.
e
p p' 0
strain vp'
Therefore p=0 in the undrained condition within
the yield surface i.e. stress path AB must be vertical.

AB - no change in p.
Plastic strain BC - there is change in p
vector
0
e p ep ve since pp ve
p p

p ' produces ep ve Elastic expansion

Balance

po' produces ve
p
Plastic
The initial condition is p
achieved through compression
isotropic compression to
D AB elastic eff. stress path 4
D and unload to A.
BC elastic-plastic eff. stress path
 1. Explain why the change in p and po must always be opposite in
undrained condition. Describe your answer by considering two cases:-
a) < M
b) > M
p ' po'
produces This equation indicates that
p ep pp 0 changes in p and po must
always be opposite in sign,
otherwise the sum of the
p ' po'
' volumetric elastic strain and
the volumetric plastic strain
p' po would not be zero.

Case m Plastic vol. strain Plastic vol.

vector directed compression
A B towards the right pp ve
Mean eff. stress Yield locus
decrease = elastic expand Soil harden
vol. expansion
p ' 0 p 0
'
o
plastically

Case m Plastic vol. strain

Plastic vol.
expansion
vector directed
QR towards the left pp ve
Mean eff. stress Yield locus
increase = elastic decrease in size Soil soften
vol. compression plastically
p ' 0 po' 0 5
 Explain what happen to the soil specimen if the undrained increment
of deformation is applied at the top of the yield locus with = M.

Refer to point G.
Yielding will take place with the plastic
strain increment vector directed
upwards parallel to the q axis.

This imply that,

Plastic volumetric strain is zero, pp 0
Then shearing continues indefinitely without the change in size of
yield locus i.e. po= 0.
Also there will be no change in the mean eff. stress, p = 0.
Thence this particular stress ratio, = M is the limit of the
undrained effective stress path whether it comes from right or left
of point G.
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 Derive the expression for pore pressure
coefficient, a, base on Cam clay model Or in
incremental
form
Pore pressure is the difference between u p p'
the total and mean eff. stress.
u p p '

Pore pressure coefficient, a is defined as p ' aq u p aq

a is the slope of the undrained effective
stress path a p'
q

Total
Effective stress path
stress path
q
p'
1 q
a

p'

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Derivation of pore pressure
coefficient a for undrained Relationship between
shearing according to Cam p ' po'
clay model
p' po' p' 2 p' po' 2
'
p' M 2 2 po M 2 2
Pore pressure
a po'
q coefficient, a p'

p ' po' po' p'

And for undrained
p ep pp 0 '
condition p' po po' p'
q 1
q p' q p' p' q p'
p' p'
p' p' 2
q p'
p' p' M 2 2 p'
Divide by q

p ' p' 2 2 2 p' 2 2 2

a a 2 2 2 2 a
q q M M q
2 2 2 2
M M
2
a
M 2 2 2 2
Rearrange

u p p ' u p aq Therefore the change in pore water pressure,

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u can be estimated if a is known.
 Undrained test on initially on normally consolidated specimen
=M
q TSP
q
F
Beyond F,
F
D E only plastic
C shear strain
B is increasing
E D while plastic
C vol. strain is
B A
zero.
q
A
po p The stress path is in p:v plane lies at constant
volume due to undrained condition.
v
Each resultant point A, B, C, D, E and F must lie on a
new url corresponding to a new yield locus.
The path in p:q effective stress plane can be
generated graphically by projecting up the points to
the corresponding yield loci.
At each point the direction of the plastic strain vector
can be drawn perpendicular to the yield loci.
B Thence the ratio between the plastic shear strain
A increment to the plastic vol. strain increment is
F therefore known.
E iso-ncl
D The magnitude of the plastic vol. strain vector can be
C
Each yield locus in calculated from the vertical separation of the url lines.
the stress plane is Thence the magnitude of the plastic shear strain can
associated with an
unloading and be determined since their ratio is known.
reloading line (url). pp M 2 2 p ' po' M 2 2
p 9
qp
2q 2
 Undrained test on initially lightly overconsolidated specimen
Case m Plastic vol. strain Plastic vol.
vector directed compression
towards the right pp ve
Mean eff. stress Yield locus
decrease = elastic expand Soil harden
vol. expansion
p ' 0 p 0
'
o
plastically

Isotropically compressed and then unload

to point A.
AB is the undrained stress path, vertically
upwards due to no plastic volumetric strain
since there is no change in p in the elastic
zone.
For path AB the plastic
p 0
e
p
p
p
vol. strain is zero since
it is within the elastic
Elastic + zone.
plastic Then the elastic vol. strain must
volumetric be zero for no vol. change.
strain

Therefore p=0 in the e
p p' 0
undrained condition within vp'
the yield surface i.e. stress 10
path AB must be vertical.
 Undrained test on initially heavily overconsolidated specimen

Case m Plastic vol. strain

Plastic vol.
expansion
vector directed pp ve
towards the left
Mean eff. stress Yield locus
increase = elastic decrease in size Soil soften
vol. compression plastically
p ' 0 po' 0

Isotropically compressed and then unload to

point P.
PQ is the undrained stress path, vertically
upwards due to no change in p in the elastic
zone until the yield locus yl Q is reached.
Yielding with > M is associated with
a) the shrinking of the yield locus
b) and increasing in the mean eff. stress, p.
In the compression plane the path moves
horizontally to a higher url line as plastic
volumetric expansion occurs.

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THE END

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