Capacitancia, dielctricos y

almacenamiento de energa
 Capacitores
Es un dispositivo que se utiliza para almacenar energa.
Consiste de dos objetos conductores, cercanos uno del otro, pero sin
tocarse.
Separados por un aislante o el vaco.
 Capacitores
Cada terminal de la batera y la placa del capacitor estn al mismo
potencial.
Se tiene que la cantidad de carga Q, que adquiere una de las placas
es proporcional a la V entre las placas.
Q CV
La constante C, se llama capacitancia del capacitor.
Clculo de la capacitancia
Para un capacitor de placas paralelas, el E, tiene una
medida de:

La medida de la diferencia de potencial esta dada por:

Si se toma la trayectoria antiparalela a las lneas de campo,

de a hasta b, se tiene:

Se obtiene la capacitancia, en trminos de la geometra de

las placas.
Example 24-1: Capacitor calculations.
(a) Calculate the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are 20 cm 3.0 cm
and are separated by a 1.0-mm air gap. (b) What is the charge on each plate if a 12-V
battery is connected across the two plates? (c) What is the electric field between the plates?
(d) Estimate the area of the plates needed to achieve a capacitance of 1 F, given the same
air gap d.

A = Cd/0 = 108 m2
Example 24-2: Cylindrical capacitor.
A cylindrical capacitor consists of a
cylinder (or wire) of radius Rb
surrounded by a coaxial cylindrical
shell of inner radius Ra. Both cylinders
have length l which we assume is
much greater than the separation of
the cylinders, so we can neglect end
effects. The capacitor is charged (by
connecting it to a battery) so that one
cylinder has a charge +Q (say, the
inner one) and the other one a charge
Q. Determine a formula for the
capacitance.
Example 24-3: Spherical capacitor.
A spherical capacitor consists of
two thin concentric spherical
conducting shells of radius ra and
rb as shown. The
inner shell carries a uniformly
distributed charge Q on its
surface,
and the outer shell an equal but
opposite charge Q. Determine
the capacitance of the two
shells.

Si la separacin r es muy pequea, entonces se tiene:

 Ejemplo 24-4: Capacitancia de dos alambres largos y paralelos .
Determine la capacitancia de dos alambres paralelos rectilneos muy largos, cada uno de
radio R, teniendo carga uniforme +Q y Q, y separados por una distancia d la cual es
mucho mayor que R (d >> R).
Capacitores en Serie y Paralelo
 Example 24-5: Equivalent capacitance.
Determine the capacitance of a single capacitor that will have the same
effect as the combination shown.

C23 C2 C3

1 1 1

Ceq C2 C3 C1
 Energa Elctrica
Almacenada
Un capacitor cargado almacena energa elctrica. La
energa almacenada es igual al trabajo que se
require para cargar el capacitor:
Example 24-8: Energy stored in a capacitor.
A camera flash unit stores energy in a 150-F
capacitor at 200 V. (a) How much electric energy
can be stored? (b) What is the power output if
nearly all this energy is released in 1.0 ms?
Conceptual Example 24-9: Capacitor plate
separation increased.
A parallel-plate capacitor carries charge Q
and is then disconnected from a battery. The
two plates are initially separated by a
distance d. Suppose the plates are pulled
apart until the separation is 2d. How has the
energy stored in this capacitor changed?
Example 24-10: Moving parallel capacitor
plates.
The plates of a parallel-plate capacitor have
area A, separation x, and are connected to a
battery with voltage V. While connected to
the battery, the plates are pulled apart until
they are separated by 3x. (a) What are the
initial and final energies stored in the
capacitor? (b) How much work is required to
pull the plates apart (assume constant
speed)? (c) How much energy is exchanged
with the battery?
 Solucin
a.

b.

c.
 Energy Density
We can charge a capacitor by moving electrons directly from
one plate to another. This requires doing work against the
electric field between the plates. Thus we can think of the
energy as being stored in the field in the region between the
plates.
The energy density, defined as the energy per unit volume, is
the same no matter the origin of the electric field:

The sudden discharge of electric energy can be harmful or

fatal. Capacitors can retain their charge indefinitely even
when disconnected from a voltage source be careful!
a. What is the magnitude of the electric field
required to store 1J of electric potential
energy in a volume 1,00 m3 of in vacuum?
b. If the field magnitude is 10 times larger
than that, how much energy is stored per
cubic meter?