transmission line protection

Transmission protection systems are

designed to identify the location of faults
and isolate only thefaulted section.
The key challenge to the transmission line
protection lies in reliably detecting and
isolatingfaults.
The level to which the protection system
permits a
transmission line to be loaded is based on
transmission line protection design and
setting philosophies,
Transmission line protection

.
Fig1 transmission line fault
The probability of faults occurring on
the lines is much more due to their
greater length and exposure to
atmospheric conditions.
transmission line protection

2. Objective
2.1 General objective
The objective of this project is to
perform a scoping study to analyze
transmission line system protection
issues, identify stateoftheart technical
protection solutions and their value for
an intelligent system,
and develop stakeholdersupported
recommendations for stack holder.
Transmission line protection

2.2 specific objective

To know how to avoid fault from the
transmission line.
To know possible cause of transmission
line failure.

To evaluate system protection issues,

needs and opportunities in consultation
with the organizations participating in the
Policy Advisory Committee (PAC);
Transmission line protection

3. Statement of the problem

As we know,now a day in our country
populations increased dramatically,it
estimate around 100 millions.To full fill
such
a large populations demand we need
quality and best transmission line
system.but presently situations are
very worst because our country people
suffered with the shortage or scarcity of
electricity.
Transmission line protection

4.Methodology

Collect the relevant data from different

sources.
Identifying the protective relays that are
suitable for the transmission lines.
To select appropriate rate of circuit
breaker and fuse from specification data
sheet.
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5.Design of transmission line protection

Problems on the power system include:

1.Short circuits
2.Abnormal conditions
3.Equipment failure
Transmission line protection

5.1 Factors Influencing line Protection

The high level factors influencing line protection include
the criticality of the line (in terms of load transfer
and system stability),fault clearing time requirements for
system stability, line length, the system feeding the
line, the configuration of the line (the number of terminals,
the physical construction of the line, the presence
of parallel lines), the line loading, the types of
communications available, and failure modes of various
protection equipment.
Transmission line protection

Purpose of System Protection

Protect the public
Improve system stability
Minimize damage to equipment
Protect against overloads
Employ relay techs and engineers
Transmission line protection

5.2 Types transmission lines faults

Single line-to-ground
Line-to-line
three phase
Line-to-line-to-ground
Transmission line protection

What Can Go Wrong?

FAULTS (Short Circuits)
Some causes of faults:
Trees
Lightning
Animals (birds, squirrels, snakes)
Weather (wind, snow, ice)
Natural Disasters (earthquakes, floods)
Faulty equipment (switches, insulators,
clamps, etc.)
Transmission line protection
Transmission line protection

5.3 The common methods of line protection

a. Over current protection
b.Directional over current protection
c. Distance (impedance) protection
d.Pilot protection
-DCB (Directional Comparison Blocking)
-POTT (Permissive Overreaching Transfer
Trip)
e.Line Current Differential
Transmission line protection

Overcurrent Protection
Non-Directional
Relay responds to overcurrent condition
Instantaneous (IOC) device #50
No intentional time delay
Time Overcurrent (TOC) device #51
Various curve types, including inverse, very
inverse, extremely inverse
Transmission line protection

fig3 Overcurrent Line Protection

Directional Overcurrent Protection
Relay responds to overcurrent condition in
the forward direction only (device #67,
67N, 67NT)
Will not respond to reverse faults
Compares the current in the line versus a
known reference that will always be the
same (such as a voltage or polarizing
current source)
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Fig3_directional relay circuit diagram

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Distance Protection
A distance relay measures the impedance
of a line using the voltage applied to the
relay and the current applied to the relay.
When a fault occurs on a line, the current
rises significantly and the voltage
collapses significantly. The distance relay
(also known as impedance relay)
determines the impedance by Z = V/I. If
the impedance is within the reach setting
of the relay, it will operate.
Transmission line protection
Transmission line protection
Transmission line protection

d. Pilot Relaying Scheme

A protection scheme which employs communications to

send a signal from one station to another to allow
high speed tripping (permission) or to prevent high speed
tripping (blocking). Pilot protection allows over-reaching
zones of protection to ensure full protection of the line as
well as high speed tripping.Pilot protection schemes,
such
as directional comparison blocking and permissive over-
reaching transfer trip,use simple on/off
communications between relays.
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Transmission line protection

LINE CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL

No fault or external fault, current at each
end is balanced The current going into the
line is going out at other end
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Internal fault, relay trip is processed

Transmission line protection

Conclusion
Modern numerical relays simplify transmission
line protection and control and contribute to the
customizationOf schemes for special needs.
The use of the sensitive negative-sequence
directional over current element together with pilot
protection schemes is extremely important for
long lines,for which this practice increases
protection system dependability.
Transmission line protection

Modern numerical relays that incorporate

synchrophasor measurements
allow validation of calculated impedance and line
models.
A real-time digital simulator provides a
comprehensive testing system to determine
protection performance regarding unique
protective relay applications and to
validate proposed settings and logic schemes.