Educational Materials for Designing and

Testing of Timber Structures TEMTIS

Seminar
Horsens / Denmark, 11th September 2008

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT)

AND THE AUSTRIAN PRACTICE

M. AUGUSTIN
Institute for Timber Engineering and Wood Technology
Graz University of Technology
 Cross Laminated Timber
Basic idea and Product

Distribution of mechanical properties Utilisation of side-boards

in the log

T e n s ile s t r e n g t h , t e n s ile U t ilis a t io n o f

M O E a n d d e n s it y a r e b o a rd s fro m th e
in c r e a s in g in g e n e r a l o u te r s id e o f th e
fr o m th e p it h to th e o u te r lo g ( s id e b o a r d s )
s id e o f t h e lo g

5-layered CLT-element
C r o s s L a m in a te d T im b e r (C L T ) - E le m e n t
C o m p o s ite o f lo n g itu d in a l a n d t r a n s v e r s a l L o n g itu d in a l la y e r s
u s u a lly C 2 4 o r C 3 0
s in g le la y e r s
G lu in g o f th e w h o le s in g le
la y e r w ith a n a p p r o v e d
T r a n s v e r s a l la y e r s a d h e s iv e
u s u a lly > C 1 6 ( u p to C 3 0 )

T h ic k n e s s o f th e e le m e n t:
42 m m - 500 m m
 CLT
Production volume

Arguments PRO CLT:

Massive construction, less layers in the
construction, buffer for heat and
moisture
High degree of prefabrication possible
Easy assembling and short duration for
erection
Flexibility of utilisation

Arguments CONTRA CLT:

High price

Production volume:
2008 About 400.000 m (+52 %)
To high amount for the market
Price will decrease (about 20 % in
the next three years)

Source: Timber Online / 2007

 CLT
Examples of erected buildings

Austria-House (2006) Building Research Centre

Step 2 (2007)
Turin / Italy Graz / Austria
 CLT
Examples of erected buildings

Multi-storey building Wandritsch-Bridge

(2001) (1998)
Vienna / Austria St. Lorenzen / Austria
 R&D-Activities concern. CLT Institute
for Timber Engineering and Wood Technology /
holz.bau forschungs gmbH // TUG

AREA 1_SSTC

Shell and Spatial Timber Constructions (SSTC)

TMC using CLT

MODULE 1 MODULE 3

Mechanical Aspects Guidelines

Structural Analysis Building Physics
Verification Procedure Leading Details

MODULE 2 MODULE 4

Connection Technique Development of Systems

Architectural Potential
Case Studies
 R&D-Activities concern. CLT Institute
for Timber Engineering and Wood Technology /
holz.bau forschungs gmbH // TUG

Limit states

Ultimate Limit State Serviceability Limit State

Topics: System effects Topic: Creep behaviour

Laminating effects

Subproject Subproject
Load carrying capacity Creep
(for elements loaded as plates and panels)

Load carrying model CLT Objective Deformation factor CLT

Further tests:
Properties perpendicular to grain Vibration properties of CLT-floors
 CLT
in standards

Eurocode 1995-1-1
Currently no proposals for the verification of CLT-elements
The development of an European standard is initiated by the Austrian Standardisation
Organisation (ON).

DIN 1052-2004.08
A verification procedere is given in this standard
t m
Verification of stresses on each single layer: 1
ft ,d fm,d

ft ,0,k 0,6 fm,k

in accord. with EN 338D

This procedere leads to conservative results

because no homogenisation effects are considered !
Applied to layered products: e.g. Glulam

t
m m
h
ht
t m
h

5 5 ht t 5 2t
t m m m m
t m 3 3 h
3 3 h h 1
3 fm,d fm,d fm,d fm,d
fm,d
5
-35%
5 2t
m 23 m
3 3 h 15 m
1
fm,d fm,d 0,65 fm,d
 Subproject
Load carrying capacity of CLT in bending

Objective of the research work

Method

Results of tension tests:

ft,0,l,05 = 12,5 N/mm

COVt = 39,4 %
 Test
results

Mean value and COV of edge normal strength fm,c

45,00 18,0%
16,1% 39,0 39,4
40,00 16,0%
37,2 37,3
35,00 14,0%
14,4% 12,5%
30,00 12,0%
fm,c,mean [N/mm]

COV [%]
25,00 10,0%

20,00 8,0%
5 # series 4u fm,g,mean = 42,4 N/mm 7,6%
15,00 COV = 9,5 % 6,0%

10,00 19 # series 1u fm,g,mean = 44,2 N/mm 4,0%

5,00 COV = 20,1 % 2,0%

0,00 0,0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of lamellas in the outer layers mean value
COV
 5 % - quantile values
and system factor for CLT

5% fractile and ksys of edge normal strength fm,c

34,00 1,30

33,00 19 # series 1u fm,g,05 = 29,0 N/mm 32,6

1,25
32,00
31,3
31,00 1,20
29,8 1,19
fm,c,05 [N/mm]

30,00
1,14

ksys,CLT
1,15
29,00

28,00 1,10
27,3 1,09 1,1
27,00
1,05
26,00
1,00
25,00 1,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5% fractile
Number of lamellas in the outer layers system effect
proposal ksys
 Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending

Beam Model for GLT

fm,g ,k 7,0 1,15 ft ,0,l ,k according to EN 1194:1999

including the variation of the base material

0,82 2,422 COVt 0,25

fm,g ,k aGLT ft ,0,l ,k e.g.: aGLT
2,811 COVt 0,35

fm,g ,k 1,06 1,4 4,0 COVt ft ,0,l ,k

0,8

0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
 Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending

Beam Model for GLT

fm,g ,k 7,0 1,15 ft ,0,l ,k

including the variation of the base material

0,82 2,422 COVt 0,25

fm,g ,k a1 ft ,0,l ,k a1
2,811 COVt 0,35

fm,g ,k 1,06 1,4 4,0 COVt ft ,0,l ,k

0,8

0,1 0,1
600 600
kh 1,18
h 110

0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
 Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending

Model for CLT

fEdge,CLT ,05 27,3

kCLT / GLT 0,94
fm,GLT ,05 29,0

0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
 Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending

Model for CLT

fEdge,CLT ,05 27,3

kCLT / GLT 0,94
fm,GLT ,05 29,0

k sys, 4 1,1

0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
 Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending

Load carrying model for CLT in bending - based on test results

0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
0,1 0,05 0,1 0,05
600 150 600 150
kh 1,20
h b 110 110
a 1,06 1,4 4,0 COVt 1,06 1,4 4,0 0,394 3,15

kh
a
ksys kCLT/GLT (h = 110 mm, ft,0,l,05
(COVt = 39,4 %)
b = 110 mm)

Factor 1,1 0,94 1,20 3,15

Analy. results 29,6 26,9 28,6 23,8 12,5
Test results 31,3 27,3 29,0 - 12,5
 Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending

Proposal of a Beam Model for CLT Comparison with older data

fm,c ,k , 4 1,76 5,0 COVt ft ,0,l ,k

0,8

fm,c,05,=4 fm,c,05,4
ft,0,l,05 COVt
test results calculated
[N/mm] [%] [N/mm] [N/mm]

presented 12,5 39,4 % 31,3 28,1

New results 1) 26,8 (n = 50) 30,4 % 47,8 45,5
39,1 2)
old results 19,3
(1998) (n = 80)
~ 35 % 42,9 2) 37,5
39,4 3)
1) 5 layer CLT made of solid edge glued panels (spruce);
2) Single result of one 7 layer CLT element (width 2000 mm);
3) Single result of one 9 layer CLT element (width 2000 mm);
 Verification in
technical approvals

Specifications in
technical approvals

m,d
1
k l fm,d
 Comparison of
verification approvals

Comparison of verification proposals

C 24 C 40
t ,d m,d ft,0,l,k = 14,0 ft,0,l,k = 24,0
1
ft ,d fm,d
DIN 1052

COV = 35 % COV = 25 %

m,d m,d
1 15,6 26,0
0,65 fm,d kmod 0,65 f
0,65fm,k 0,65fm,k
M m,k
Proposal TUG

m,d m,d
1 29,0 38,3

M

fm,c,d kmod a f
CLT t ,0,l ,k
0, 8 1,21fm,k 0,96fm,k
 Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending

Determination of stresses for CLT

Normal stresses Shear stresses

M Ei V Seff
z z z
Ieff E Ieff b

Ieff Seff
 Determination of deformations of
CLT-elements loaded in bending

Determination of deformations 1 1
for CLT
w ges
E Ieff MMds Aeff ,G
VVds
G

Ratio of shear-deformation on the total deflection

1
(single-span beam with uniformly distributed load) 1
50%
w ges
E Ieff MMds Aeff ,G VVds
45% G

Area of utilisation in practice -

Area of utilisation in practice -

40%
isotrop
35%
Ratio w V / w ges

30%

plate
beam

25% spruce
20%

15% CLT
10% 5-layered

5%

0%
10 15 20 25 30 35

Ieff Ratio
Seff l / h AG,eff k
 Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending

Effective second moment of area of the cross section

Ei Ei
Ieff Ii Ai ei 2
E E
Number of
layers
E90 0 E90 0

3
b h 1 E b h3 26
3 26 1 90
12 27 E0 12 27

b h3 1 E90 b h3 99
5 99 26
12 125 E0 12 125

b h3 1 E90 b h3 244
7 244 99
12 343 E0 12 343

Ieff Seff AG,eff k

 Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending

Effective statical moment of the cross section

Ei
Seff Ai es,i
E
Number of
layers
E90 0 E90 0

b h 2 1 E90 b h 2 8
3 8 1
8 9 E0 8 9

b h 2 1 E90 b h 2 17
5 17 8
8 25 E0 8 25

b h 2 1 E b h 2 32
7 32 17 90
8 49 E0 8 49

Ieff Seff AG,eff k

 Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending

Effective area of the cross section

Gi G090
Number of Aeff ,G Ai 10
layers G G9090

1 G9090 2,1
3 b h 2 1 b h
3 G090 3

1 G9090 3,2
5 b h 3 2 b h
5 G090 5

1 G 4,3
7 b h 4 3 9090 b h
7 G090 7

Ieff Seff AG,eff k

 Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending

Shear correction factor

1 1
w ges
E Ieff MMds Aeff ,G VVds
G

Shear correction factor for CLT cross sections with
consideration of the material values in accord. to DIN 1052
6
Shear correction factor

4,87
4,8
4,11
3,88 3,78 3,73 3,70
3,6

2,4
1,20
1,2

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Number of layers n

Ieff Seff AG,eff k

 Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending

Shear correction factor with values from standards

EN 338 C 24 C 30
Material (all strength- (in accord. with the (in accord. with the
properties classes) 1) approvals) 2) approvals) 2)

G9090 = G090/10 G9090 = 50 [N/mm2] G9090 = 50 [N/mm2]

3-layered 4,9 6,5 7,0

5-layered 4,1 5,4 5,9
7-layered 3,9 5,1 5,5
1) E0/E90 = 30; E0/G090 = 16; G090/G9090 = 10

2) Fr C24: E0/E90 = 30; E0/G090 = 16

Fr C30: E0/E90 = 30; E0/G090 = 16

Ieff Seff AG,eff k

 Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded as panel
CLT wall elements under homogeneous shear (shear stiffness)
experimental and theoretical solution (doctoral thesis in process: Th. Moosbrugger)

- without openings

u/a=0.067
60 mm

practical range
0.29

u a

board spacing: u = 5 mm 0.8

u/a= 0.067 Gplate,mean= 229 N/mm
board width: a = 75 mm 229 / 750 0.3
(5 tests, COV = 0.16)

- with openings
 Creep behaviour of
CLT-elements

Specimens with two cross sections: Results

GLT and CLT
Stress -
Climate GLT CLT
level

Sl.2 - high + 38,5 %

Climate
2
Test setup: 4 point bending test Sl.1 - low + 46,5 %
according to EN 408 Sl.2 - high + 19,3 %
Climate
1
Sl.1 - low +41,9 %

Proposals for standardisation

kdef,CLT,5-layer

SC 1 0,85

Futher details tests: SC 2 1,10

Tests with two climates (55%/20C; 78%/20C) and
two stress levels (about 3 N/mm and 8 N/mm) Approximatly values for Plywood
 Compression perpendicular to grain
of CLT-cubic specimens

Stiffness Ec,90,mean = 500 N/mm

800
B e r e ic h d e r p r a x is r e le v a n te n

D r u c k - E la s tiz it ts m o d u l q u e r z u r F a s e r
S c h ic h td ic k e n B o x - P lo ts d e r w r fe l-
700 E c ,9 0 ,m e a n a u s [1 0 ]
f r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r
E c ,9 0 ,k a u s [1 0 ] B o x - P lo ts d e r b r e tt-
f r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r
600
V e r la u f d e r M it t e lw e r t e
V e r la u f d e r 5 % - Q u a n tilw e r te
D
500 C h a r a k te r is tis c h e W e r t e

[N /m m ]
400

C D
300
A B C
E E
200 A
B

100

10 22 29 40 50 67 90

D ic k e d e r b r e t t f r m ig e n b z w . d e r E in z e lla g e n d e r w r f e lf r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r [ m m ]

Strength fc,90,k = 3,0 N/mm

8 ,0
B e r e ic h d e r p r a x is r e le v a n te n
S c h ic h t d ic k e n B o x - P lo ts d e r w r fe l-
7 ,0 f c ,9 0 ,m e a n a u s [ 1 0 ]
f r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r
D r u c k fe s tig k e it q u e r z u r F a s e r

f c ,9 0 ,k a u s [ 1 0 ] B o x - P lo ts d e r b r e tt-
f r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r
6 ,0

Test setup:
V e r la u f d e r M itte lw e r te
V e r la u f d e r 5 % - Q u a n tilw e r te
5 ,0 C h a r a k t e r is t is c h e W e r t e
[N /m m ]

Tests on specimens with 4 ,0

3 ,0
different number of layers, 2 ,0

position of the board in the 1 ,0

log, built-up factor and 10 22 29 40 50 67 90

loading situations D ic k e d e r b r e t t f r m ig e n b z w . d e r E in z e lla g e n d e r w r f e lf r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r [ m m ]

Contact
DI
Manfred AUGUSTIN
Scientific Assistent
+43 (0) 316 873-4604
manfred.augustin@lignum.tugraz.at
Inffeldgasse 24, A-8010 Graz / Austria

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION !